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***PSYCH 275- Brain & Behaviour > Chapter 3 - Anatomy Of The Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Anatomy Of The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Brain-body orientation is the “______ ______”

A

human face

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2
Q

Spatial orientation is the “______ ______ ______”

A

Other body parts/body orientation

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3
Q

Anatomical orientation is the “______ __ ______” through the brain from perspective of the viewer

A

Direction of section

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4
Q

“_______” is towards the back

A

Dorsal

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5
Q

“_______” is towards the stomach

A

Ventral

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6
Q

“_______” is towards the front

A

Anterior

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7
Q

“________” is towards the rear

A

Posterior

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8
Q

“_______” is above another structure

A

Superior

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9
Q

“________” is below another structure

A

Inferior

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10
Q

“_______” is towards the side

A

Lateral

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11
Q

“_______” is towards the middle

A

Medial

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12
Q

Nerve does “______” equal neuron

A

NOT

Neuron: single neural cell

Nerve: bundle of axons running together (only used in PNS)

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13
Q

What is a tract?

A

Bundle of axons running together in the CNS

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14
Q

What is a nucleus?

A

Group of cell bodies in CNS

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15
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

Group of cell bodies in PNS

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16
Q

The CNS includes what?

A

Brain

Spinal cord

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17
Q

The PNS includes what?

A

Somatic nervous system

Autonomic nervous system

Enteric nervous system

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18
Q

The somatic nervous system does what?

A

Transmits sensation, produces movement

Cranial nerves

Spinal nerves

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19
Q

The autonomic nervous system does what?

A

Balances internal functions

Sympathetic division (arousing)

Parasympathetic (calming)

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20
Q

The enteric nervous system does what?

A

Controls the gut

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21
Q

What are the 3 types of neurons?

A

1) motor: commands to muscles/organs

2) sensory: carry info from body —-> brain/spinal cord

3) interneurons: neurons connect one neuron to another in same part of brain/spinal cord

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22
Q

Difference b/w efferent and afferent? (Information)

A

Efferent: OUT of the CNS

Afferent: INTO the CNS

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23
Q

What are the layers to protecting the brain?

A

Skull

**Dura mater

**Arachnoid membrane

**Pia mater

**= MENINGES

Subarachnoid space (filled w CSF)

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24
Q

What does the forebrain control?

A

Highly developed, numerous functions

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25
Q

What does the midbrain control?

A

Reflex actions and voluntary movements

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26
Q

What does the hindbrain control?

A

Vital functions and coordinating movements

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27
Q

The cerebral cortex is the “_____ ______” of the frontal lobe

A

Outer layer

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28
Q

The cerebral hemispheres is the “______, _______ _________” dominating brains appearance

A

Large, wrinkled structures

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29
Q

Give the definition of these “surface” features…

Cortex

Gyrus

Sulcus

Fissure

A

Cortex: outer surface of brain, cell bodies/neurons

Gyrus: each ridge in surface of brain

Sulcus: groove/space b/w 2 gyri

Fissure: large groove/space b/w 2 gyri

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30
Q

What are the lateral ventricles?

A

Winged-shaped cavities

Filled w CSF made by interconnected blood vessels

Interior feature of brain

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31
Q

What is CSF?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

Suspends the brain, acts as SHOCK absorber

Provides stable environment for function

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32
Q

There are “____” pairs of cranial nerves

A

12

Control sensory and motor functions of the head, neck and face

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33
Q

There are “___” pairs of spinal nerves divided into “__” anatomical regions

A

30

5

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal

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34
Q

What are dermatomes?

A

Body segments associated with nerve

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35
Q

What is the neuronal circuits as a functional unit?

(Ten principles of NS function)

A

Neuronal circuits: series of neurons that serve a function when ACTIVATED, connected by synapses

  1. Monosynaptic: sensory & motor neuron
  2. Poly synaptic: at least one interneuron present
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36
Q

What is sensory and motor divisions?

(Ten principles of NS function)

A

Kept SEPERATE throughout the nervous system

Divided in the CORTEX 2 ways:

  1. Separate sensory and motor cortical region
  2. Entire cortex is organized around this distinction
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37
Q

What is hierarchical & parallel organization?

(Ten principles of NS function)

A

Brain has BOTH of these

Proximity & connection often indicate SHARED/SIMILAR function

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38
Q

Why are many circuits crossed?

(Ten principles of NS function)

A

Because info passes from ONE side of the body to the OTHER

Ex) right motor cortex influences actions on the left side of the body

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39
Q

What are localized and distributed functions?

(Ten principles of NS function)

A

DAMAGE to one area can INTERFERE w/ a particular function

Any one location is RARELY the only thing in involved in that FUNCTION

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40
Q

What is brain symmetry & asymmetry?

(Ten principles of NS function)

A

HEMISPHERES look like mirror images, BUT some DISSIMILAR features exsists

CORTICAL ASYMMETRY is essential for INTREGRATIVE tasks (language/body control)

41
Q

What is hemispheric lateralization?

A

Handedness

Rootedness

Ocular dominance

Aural dominance

42
Q

What does the right hemisphere control?

A

Feelings, intuition & humour

Aesthetic & colour

Relationships, rhythm, physical senses & motor skills

***THE LEFT SIDE OF THE BODY

43
Q

What does the left hemisphere control?

A

Analytical thinking, rules & logic

Structure, mathematics & planning

Speech, language & time

***THE RIGHT SIDE OF THE BODY

44
Q

Left visual field is processed in the “______ __________” of the brain

Right visual field is processed in the “_______ _________” of the brain

A

Right hemisphere; left hemisphere

45
Q

What is inhibition and excitation in balance?

(Ten principles of NS function)

A

Juxtaposition in both action and activity
• Making movements and prevents movements
• Excitation (increased neural activity) and inhibition (decreased neural activity)

46
Q

What is the ventral and dorsal visual streams?

(Ten principles of NS function)

A

Occipital lobe —> dorsal stream —> parietal lobe

Striate cortex (region v1) —> ventral stream —> temporal lobe

47
Q

What is the perceptual world from sensory input?

(Ten principles of NS function)

A

The nervous system produces movement in a perceptual world the brain CONSTRUCTS

Perception and experiences are SUBJECTIVE

Individual differences in systems, past experience, current state, etc.

48
Q

What is neuroplasticity?

(Ten principles of NS function)

A

Experience ALTERS the brain’s organization:
- memory and learning
- forgetting due to loss of memory connections

**HOWEVER plasticity CAN be beneficial:
- recovery from brain injuries and diseases
- normal aging

49
Q

How can we go from A —> B?

How can we go from B —> A?

How do we have A —> C —> B?

***DEVELOPMENT OF BRAIN & BEHAVIOUR

A
  1. STRUCTURAL development can relate to emerging BEHAVIOURS
  2. BEHAVIOUR development can relate to emerging STRUCTURES
  3. Other factors can influence BOTH at once
50
Q

As structures “_______” functions emerge and develop

“_________ _________” that develop quickly exhibit “_________” sooner

A

Mature; neural structures; functions

51
Q

What is included in the prenatal stage (zygote)?

A

Day 1: fertilization

Day 2: division

Day 15: embryonic disk ***LOOKS LIKE A FRIED EGG

52
Q

What is included in the prenatal stage (embryo)?

A

Neural plate:
- 3 weeks after conception
- thickened region of the ectodermal layer that gives rise to the NEURAL TUBE

Neural tube:
- structure in the early stage of the brain development from which the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD develop

53
Q

What is included in the prenatal stage (fetus)?

A

Occurs around 9-12th week and occurs until 36th week

Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain, and neural tube (forms spinal cord) developed by 36th week

54
Q

What are the stages of brain development (fetus)?

7 stages

A
  1. Cell birth (neurogenesis; gliogenesis)
  2. Neural migration
  3. Cell differentiation
  4. Neural maturation (dendrite and axon growth)
  5. Synaptogenesis (formation of synapses)
  6. Cell death and synaptic pruning
  7. Myelogenesis (formation of myelin)
55
Q

What are the origins of neural cells (fetus)?

3 types

A

Progenitor cell: precursor cell derived from a STEM cell
- migrates and produces nondividing cells known as neuroblasts and glioblasts

Neuroblast: gives rise to different types of NEURONS

Glioblast: gives rise to different types of GLIAL cells

56
Q

What is cell migration (fetus)?

A

Radial glial cells: PATH-MAKING CELLS that a
migrating neuron follows to its destination

Begins shortly after the first neurons are generated

Continues for 6 weeks in the cortex and throughout life in the hippocampus

57
Q

What is cell differentiation (fetus)?

A

Neuroblasts become SPECIFIC TYPES of neurons

Cell differentiation begins after cells have started to migrate

58
Q

What is neural maturation (fetus)?

2 ways

A

Mature in two ways:
1. DENDRITIC GROWTH: grow dendrites to provide surface area for synapses with other cells
- arborization (branching): growth of dendritic spines where most synapses occur

  1. AXONAL GROWTH: extend axons to appropriate targets to initiate synapse formation

***Takes place AFTER neurons migrate to destination and differentiate into specific types

59
Q

Each hemisphere is divided into 4 lobes, what are these?

A
  1. Frontal (executive function)
  2. Parietal (sensory integration)
  3. Temporal (auditory, taste, smell, memory)
  4. Occipital (visual)
60
Q

Explain the difference between the different views of the brain

A
  1. Dorsal view (looking down, from top)
  2. Lateral view (looking from the side)
  3. Ventral view (looking from the bottom)
  4. Medial view (looking from the inside, sliced down the middle)
61
Q

What is the allocortex VS the neocortex?

A

Allocortex:
- three-layered and four-layered cortex
- BELOW-SURFACE STRUCTURES
- evolved EARLIER than neocortex

Neocortex:
- six-layered cortex
- outer layer that us VISIBLE when we look at the SURFACE of brain

62
Q

What structures are involved in the limbic system & what does it regulate?

A

STRUCTURES…

Amygdala

Hippocampus

Cingulate cortex

Thalamus????
———————————
REGULATES…

Emotional/sexual behaviours

Memory

Spatial navigation

63
Q

What does the amygdala do?

A

Increases electrical activity in its neurons when we are under THREAT

Flight or flight response

Remember events tied to STRONG emotions

SENSORY INPUT received to determine emotional value/intensity of stimulus

64
Q

What does the hippocampus do?

A

Formation and retrieval of memories (assists DECLARAITIVE memory formation)

65
Q

What does the cingulate cortex (cingulate gyrus) do?

A

Helps focus ATTENTION & THOUGHTS

Especially on things that are unpleasant to us

66
Q

What structures are involved in the olfactory system?

What is the vomersonal organ (VNO)?

A

STRUCTURES…

Pyriform cortex

Amygdala

Dorsomedial thalamus
——————————————

Vomeronsal organ (VNO): sensory neurons that detect pheromones

67
Q

What structures are in the basal ganglia and what does it regulate?

A

STRUCTURES…

Caudate nucleus

Putamen

Globus pallidus
————————————————————-
REGULATES…

VOLUNTARY & UNVOLUNTARY movement

68
Q

What does the thalamus do?

A

RELAYS incoming sensory through groups of neurons that project to the appropriate REGION in the CORTEX

Actively FILTERS incoming sensory information

69
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

Regulates the AUTONOMIC and ENDOCRINE systems

Hunger responses, sexual behaviour, temp control and aggression

HOMEOSTASIS

70
Q

What is the reticular formation in the midbrain?

A

Helps to regulate AWARENESS & ATTENTION (filter)

Regulate SLEEP & WAKEFULNESS (arousal)

***Coordinates several brain areas (imagine visual stimuli ————> diff arrows all going diff directions)

71
Q

What does the hindbrain do?

A

Regulation of BASIC LIFE functions

Connects PERIPHERAL & CNS

72
Q

What does the medulla do?

Why is damage to the hindbrain typically fatal?

A

Controls HEART activity & CIRCULATION

Regulates BREATHING

Involved in coordinating SWALLOWING & DIGESTION
—————————————————————————
FATAL DUE TO…

All sensory/motor nerve tracts ascend from the SPINAL CORD & descend from the BRAIN

73
Q

What does the pons do?

A

RELAY station for SIGNALS b/w higher levels of the nervous system & lower levels

Connects to MUSCLES & GLANDS IN FACE/NECK

74
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A

Controls bodily COORDINATION, BALANCE, & MUSCLE TONE (fine motor control)

Sequences of actions

Involved in PROCEDURAL memory (memory of motor skills)

75
Q

What is synaptogenesis (fetus)?

A

Synaptic development

Schedule:
1. 5th gestational month: SIMPLE synaptic contacts
2. 7th gestational month: synaptic development of DEEP cortical neurons
3. after birth: development increases RAPIDLY during 1st year of life

76
Q

What is cell death & synaptic pruning (fetus)?

A

Unecessary cells & connections REMOVED due to GENETIC INSTRUCTIONS, experience, hormones etc…

Cortex becomes THINNER in a caudal-rostral (back to front) gradient

DUE to pruning^^^

77
Q

What is myelogenesis (fetus)?

A

Formation of myelin via glial development

Formation of ASTROCYTES (role in synaptic pruning/plasticity) & OLIGODENDROCYTES (myelin in CNS)

Begins after most neurogenesis is complete and continues throughout life

78
Q

Light coloured zones (on the brain) “_________ ______”

A

Myelinated last

79
Q

How is neurogenesis studied in the adult brain?

What about in the animal brain?

A

Most studied region is the hippocampus (found significant neurogenesis in here)

Hippocampus it involved in formation of new memories so this makes sense
————————————————————————-
Most studied region in animals is ONLY in the hippocampus, subventricular zone, hypothalamus, striatum, substantia nigra, neocortex, and amygdala

***THIS IS ALL DEBATED

80
Q

The hypothalamus is a “_________” b/w the endocrine system and the nervous system

A

Bridge

As it maintains homeostasis

81
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

Series of GLANDS throughout the body that release HORMONES

Serves as a secondary control system

Feedback to NS

Tends to be slower

82
Q

Name the 5 main endocrine glands

A
  1. Pituitary: “director” growth hormone
  2. Thyroid: metabolic rate
  3. Adrenal: salt & carbohydrate
  4. Pancreas: sugar metabolism
  5. Gonads: sex hormones
83
Q

How does the hypothalamus work to control the endocrine system?

A

SECRETES hormones

Controls the PITUITARY GLAND via direct nerve stimulation & chemicals

84
Q

How do the pineal glands work to control the endocrine system?

A

SECRETE melatonin to REGULATE sleep cycles

85
Q

How does the pituitary gland work to control the endocrine system?

A

SECRETES hormones that affect sexual behaviour, reproduction, circulatory function, hunger * responses to aggression

86
Q

What is the HPA axis?

A

Hypothalamic- pituitary adrenal axis

Activated in times of stress

How the brain affects the IMMUNE system

87
Q

The two main types of neural tissue are “_________”, which forms the connections among cells, and “_____________” which collects and processes incoming (afferent) sensory or outgoing (efferent) information

A

White; gray

88
Q

Bundles of nerve fibres (axons) in the brain and spinal cord are called “__________”. Outside the brain and spinal cord these bundles are called “____________”.

A

Tracts; nerves

89
Q

What is the diencephalon also called?

A

“Between brain”

Two structures are the hypothalamus and thalamus

90
Q

What diseases interfere with the basal ganglia?

A

Parkinson’s disease (severe tremors, muscular rigidity, reduced involuntary movement)

Tourette syndrome (motor tics, involuntary vocalizations)

***DISORDER OF CONTROLLING MOVEMENTS
The basal ganglia, therefore, must play a critical role in controlling and coordinating movement patterns rather than in activating the muscles to move

91
Q

The “_________” receives sensations from the skin and muscles & produces movements INDEPENDENT of the brain

A

Spinal cord

92
Q

The ANS interacts with the CNS and SNS via sets of autonomic control centres called “___________”, which acts as minibrains to control the internal organs

A

Ganglia

93
Q

Why is the ENS called a second brain?

A

Contains a wide range of neuron types, chemical transmitters, glial cells and complex neural circuits, similar to the brain

94
Q

List some factors that influence brain function

A
  1. Hormones
  2. Sensory experience
  3. Injuries
  4. Genes
  5. Factors associated w/ SES
95
Q

What important constraint determines when behaviours emerge?

***IMPORTANT

A

Behaviours CANNOT emerge until the requisite neural structures are sufficiently MATURE

96
Q

What slows frontal lobe development?

A
  1. Frontal lobe is sensitive to EPIGENETIC INFLUENCES (aversive childhood experiences ex. Physical/verbal abuse) might compromise development
  2. Development correlates with ADULT INTELLIGENCE
    Important features:
    - reduction in cortical thickness
    - increase in connectivity b/w medial regions

Greater intelligence = greatest plastic changes

97
Q

What are Piagets stages of cognitive development?

A
  1. Sensorimotor stage (18-24m, differentiate from outside world)
  2. Preoperational stage (2-6 yrs, form mental representations)
  3. Concrete operations (7-11yrs, mentally manipulate ideas about material)
  4. Formal operations (sometime after 11yrs, reason in the abstract)
98
Q

In what sequence do the forebrain structures required for learning & memory develop?

A
  1. Displacement task
  2. Non matching- to- sample learning task
  3. Concurrent-discrimination learning task (neural structures MATURE SOONER for this task)

***PSYCH 275- Brain & Behaviour (9 decks)

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