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***PSYCH 275- Brain & Behaviour > Chapter 1 - Introduction > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

The brain is the most “_________ ________” on earth

A

Complex organ

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2
Q

Behaviourist focus on “________” behaviour

Cognitive psychologist focus on “________/_______” behaviour

A

Overt (external) behaviour

;

Covert (internal/hidden) behaviour

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3
Q

What is an innate behaviour?

What is a learned behaviour?

A

INNATE: inherited & fixed

LEARNED: learned behaviour (learned through EXPERIENCE)

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4
Q

Who was Aristotle?

A

Brain NOT involved in behaviour

More involved in “cooling the blood”

“Psyche” = mind/consciousness

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5
Q

What is mentalism?

A

Explains behaviour as the PRODUCT of an IMMATERIAL mind

Aristotle

The hypothesis that the mind (or soul) controls behavior is found in the thinking of many cultures

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6
Q

What is dualism?

Who was involved?

A

Rene Descartes

Idea that behaviour is controlled by 2 entities— a material body and a non material mind

Both contribute to behaviour in humans

Animals LACK a mind

Mind connects to body via the PINEAL GLAND (hydraulic pressure) = move muscles

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7
Q

What is monism VS materialistic monism?

A

MONISM: mind/body consist of the SAME substance

MATERIALISTIC MONISM: mind/body are PHYSICAL

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8
Q

What is materialism?

Who is involved?

A

Darwin

Behaviour can be explained by the body (spec the nervous system) ALONE

By observing similarities b/w humans and non-human animals

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9
Q

Describe electricity in the nervous system in late 1700s, 1870, and 1849

A

Late 1700s - Luigi Galvani used electricity to stimulate NERVES

1870 - Fritsh/Hitzig electrically stimulated BRAIN

1849 - Hermann von Heimholtz demonstrated nerves DO NOT behave like conducting wires

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10
Q

Describe chemicals in the nervous system in 1907

A

1907 - Walter Dixon showed chemicals are also involved in SIGNALS

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11
Q

What is localization?

A

Specific areas of the BRAIN that carry out SPECIFIC functions

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12
Q

What is equipotentiality?

A

The BRAIN can function as a UNDIFFERENTIATED whole

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13
Q

Evolution VS natural selection?

A

Evolution: process by which species change over time DUE to natural selection

Natural selection: heritable traits confer a SURVIVAL advantage in a SPEC enviro, become more prevalent over time

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14
Q

What is a population?

A

SUBSET of individuals of ONE species that occupies a partic geographic area and INTERBREEDS

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15
Q

What is selective breeding?

A

Mate individuals with DESIRABLE characteristics = offspring will have those characteristics

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16
Q

Heredity VS gene ?

A

Heredity: passing BIOLOGICAL traits from parents to offspring

Gene: basic UNIT of heredity

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17
Q

Who was Gregor Mendel?

A

Heritable factors (genes) are inherited in predictable PATTERNS, often expressed as a physical trait

18
Q

Genes “__________” for “________”

A

“Code; proteins”

Genes—-> transcription———> messengers———-> translation———> work force

19
Q

Mutation “___________” variation

A

“introduces”

Change in the DNA sequence of an organism that occurs because of ERRORS

Can lead to changes in the protein structure produced

20
Q

Mutations can be “_______, ______, or ________”

A

“Good, bad or neutral”

GOOD: adaptations

BAD: removed from pop

NEUTRAL: up to chance

21
Q

Genotype VS phenotype?

A

Genotype: specific GENETIC makeup (present from birth)

Phenotype: observable characteristics DUE to genetic makeup (altered by genes, enviro etc…)

22
Q

Break down a gene path

A

Genes (segments of DNA) —> chromosome of every pair from each parent —> nucleus contains 46 chromosomes —> each human cell contains nucleus (except red blood cells) —> human body contains 100 trillion cells

23
Q

What do we see in somatic cells?

A

2 pairs of each chromosome

IF GENE IN PAIR IS DOMINANT…
character controls will be displayed

IF GENE IN PAIR IS RECESSIVE…
will not show up unless the partner gene is also recessive

Can have same phenotype, but DIFF genotype

24
Q

What is an allele?

A

Different VERSIONS of a gene

1) dominant: produced regardless of what gene it’s paired with

2) recessive: has influence only when paired with the SAME allele

Heterozygous- different alleles

Homozygous - identical alleles

25
Q

What is pleiotropy?

A

Genes that have more than one PHENOTYPIC effect

26
Q

What is polygenic?

A

Traits influenced by more than one gene

27
Q

What is a modifier gene?

A

Can change the way a trait is expressed

28
Q

What is polygenic transmission?

A

of gene pairs combine to crease a single phenotypic trait

Pigment variation in skin colour

29
Q

What is epigenetic?

A

Lasting CHANGES in gene expression during development that are NOT cause by the genes themselves

30
Q

What is DNA methylation?

A

Adding a methyl group to DNA

An “off” switch

31
Q

What is histone modification?

A

Chemical changes to his tones

Modify proteins that condense DNA

An “on” OR “off” switch

32
Q

What is heritability?

A

Measure of how well differences in people’s GENES account for differences in their traits

***CAN DIFFER B/W POPULATIONS

33
Q

What did they find in the adoption studies?

A

Share environment, but NOT genes with adoptive relatives

OPPOSITE way around for biological relatives

34
Q

How does the twin studies differ from the adoption studies?

A

Separates genetic and environmental influences

35
Q

What are monozygotic (MZ) twins?

A

Single fertilized egg splits into two genetically identical organisms

3.5/1000 births

36
Q

What are dizygotic (DZ) twins?

A

Two superstate fertilized eggs

More common in older women

37
Q

MZ twins are “________ __ ________” as DZ twins

A

“Twice as similar”

Strong genetic component

38
Q

What are 5 reasons why you should study the relation of brain and behaviour?

A
  1. How the brain produces behaviour is a MAJOR scientific question
  2. The brain is the most COMPLEX ORGAN on earth and is found in many groups of animals
  3. A growing list of behavioural disorders can be explained & treated as we increase our understanding of the brain
  4. Study of the brain can lead to an understanding of DIVERSITY
  5. ^^^ brings insights to other fields of knowledge and is a source of EMPLOYMENT
39
Q

The forebrain is proposed to be responsible for our “__________” behaviour

The forebrain “_______” the cerebellum, the set of structures responsible for most of our “__________” behaviour

A

Conscious

Enfolds; unconscious

40
Q

What was the evolution of nervous system in animals?

A
  1. Neurons & muscles
  2. Nerve net
  3. Bilateral symmetry
  4. Segmentation
  5. Ganglia
  6. Spinal cord

***PSYCH 275- Brain & Behaviour (9 decks)

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