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Biopsychology > Chapter 3 Anatomy of the NS > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Anatomy of the NS Flashcards

1
Q

•Coordinates all
activities of the body
•Enables the body to
responds and adapts
to changes

A

NERVOUS SYSTEM

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2
Q

•Coordinates all
activities of the body
•Enables the body to
responds and adapts
to changes

A

NERVOUS SYSTEM

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3
Q

• Part of the CNS that is
located in the skull
• Controls all major body
functions
• the organ inside the head
that controls thought,
memory, feelings, and
activity

A

BRAIN

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4
Q

• Is a long, thin bundle of nervous tissue and
support cells connected to the brain and located
along your back and neck
• Receives and transmits electric signals throughout
the entire body and then back to the brain
• The spinal cord is protected by the vertebrae,
which are bones running down your back, and also
by cerebral spinal fluid, which help to cushion
the nerve tissue

A

SPINAL CORD

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5
Q

• Division that is located outside the brain and spinal
cord
• is the division of the nervous system containing all
the nerves that lie outside of the central nervous
system (CNS).
• The primary role of the PNS is to connect the CNS
to the organs, limbs, and skin.

A

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)

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6
Q

• The _______derives its name
from the Greek word soma, which means
“body.”
• Is the part of the PNS that responsible for
carrying sensory and motor information to
and from the central nervous system.
• It is composed of afferent and efferent
nerves

A

SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (SNS)
“VOLUNTARY”

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7
Q

•Also known as sensory neurons
• Carry sensory signals from the skin,
skeletal muscles, joints, eyes, ears, and
so on, to the central nervous system

A

AFFERENT NERVES

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8
Q

•Also known as motor neurons
•Carry motor signals from the
central nervous system to the
skeletal muscles.

A

EFFERENT NERVES

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9
Q

• is the part of the peripheral nervous system that
regulates the body’s internal environment.
• It is composed of afferent nerves that carry
sensory signals from internal organs to the CNS
and efferent nerves that carry motor signals
from the CNS to internal organs.

A

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ANS)
“INVOLUNTARY”

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10
Q

• Are those autonomic
motor nerves that
project from the CNS in
the lumbar (small of the
back) and thoracic
(chest area) regions of
the spinal cord
• Regulates the flight or
fight responses.

A

SYMPATHETIC
NERVOUS SYSTEM

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11
Q

• Are those autonomic
motor nerves that
project from the brain
and sacral (lower back)
region of the spinal cord
• Regulates the rest or
digest response

A

PARASYMPATHETIC
NERVOUS SYSTEM

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12
Q

Are layers of
tough and
connective tissue
that protect and
cover the brain
and spinal cord

A

3 LAYERS OF MENINGES

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13
Q

A.______ - the thickest and
outermost of the three meninges surrounding
the brain and spinal cord
B______.- Spider weblike
membrane - the middle of the three
membranes covering the brain and spinal
cord. It is separated from the pia mater by
the ‘subarachnoid’ “cavity” which is filled
with “cerebrospinal fluid.”
C.______- is the meningeal envelope
that firmly adheres to the surface of the brain
and spinal cord. It is a very thin membrane
composed of fibrous tissue covered on its
outer surface by a sheet of flat cells thought
to be impermeable to fluid

A

A.DURA MATER
B. ARACHNOID MATER
C.PIA MATER

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14
Q

• also known as
ependymal canal, is the
cerebrospinal fluid-filled
space that runs
longitudinally through the
length of the
entire spinal cord.
• is continuous with the
ventricular system of the
brain.

A

CENTRAL
CANAL

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15
Q

•Are the four large internal
chambers of the brain; the two
lateral ventricles, the third ventricle,
and the fourth ventricle

A

CEREBRAL VENTRICLES

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16
Q

• is a clear, colorless
body fluid found in
the brain
and spinal cord.
• Fills the subarachnoid
space, the central
canal of the spinal
cord, and the
cerebral ventricles
of the brain

A

CEREBROSPINAL
FLUID (CSF)

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17
Q

• Impedes the passage of many toxic
substances from the blood into the
brain
• Composed of tightly packed cells of
the brain’s blood vessel walls
• The degree to which therapeutic or
recreational drugs can influence
brain activity depends on the ease
with which they penetrate the _________.

A

BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER

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18
Q

•Are cells that are specialized for
the reception, conduction, and
transmission of electrochemical
signals.

A

NEURONS

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19
Q

EXTERNAL
ANATOMY OF
NEURONS

______• The metabolic center of the neuron; also
called the soma

______• The long narrow process that projects
from the cell body

______• The short processes emanating from the
cell body, which receive most of the
synaptic contacts from other neurons

______• The gaps between adjacent neurons
across which chemical signals are
transmitted

A

• CELL BODY
• AXON
• DENDRITE
• SYNAPSE

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20
Q
  • A neuron with one process extending from its
A

Unipolar

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21
Q

A neuron with two process extending from its cell

A

Bipolar

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22
Q

A neuron with more than two process
extending from its cell body

A

Multipolar

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23
Q

neurons with a short axon or no axon at
all. Their function is to integrate the neural activity within a
single brain structure, not to conduct signals from one
structure to another

A

Interneurons

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24
Q

• Found through out the nervous system
• The _____surround neurons and provide support for and
insulation between them.
• are the most abundant cell types in the central nervous
system.

A

GLIAL CELLS

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25
Q

their
main functions are to provide
support and insulation to axons in
the central nervous system

A

Oligodendrocytes

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26
Q

any of the
cells in the peripheral nervous
system that produce the myelin
sheath around neuronal axons.They
guide axonal regeneration
(regrowth) after damage

A

Schwann cells

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27
Q

They respond to injury or
disease by multiplying, engulfing cellular
debris, and triggering inflammatory
responses

A

Microglia

28
Q

they cover the outer
surfaces of blood vessels that course
through the brain. They play a role in
allowing the passage of some
chemicals from blood into CNS and in
blocking other chemicals

A

Astrocytes

29
Q

• is composed largely of cell bodies and
unmyelinated interneurons

A

GRAY MATTER

30
Q

the two dorsal arms of
the spinal gray matter

A

DORSAL HORNS

31
Q

the two ventral arms

A

VENTRAL HORNS

32
Q

•is composed largely of myelinated
axons
•is sometimes called superficial tissue
because it is located in the outer
regions of the brain and spinal cord

A

WHITE MATTER

33
Q

is a vertical plane which
passes through the body longitudinally. It divides
the body into a left section and a right section.

A

SAGITTAL PLANE

34
Q

is a vertical plane which
also passes through the body perpendicular (at a
right angle) to the sagittal plane. It divides the
body into a front (anterior) section and back
(posterior) section.

A

CORONAL PLANE

35
Q

is a horizontal
plane. It divides the body into an upper
(superior) section and a lower (inferior)
section.

A

TRANSVERSE PLANE -

36
Q

• The most posterior division of
the brain it is composed largely of
tracts carrying signals between
the rest of the brain and the body

A

MYELENCEPHALON (MEDULLA)

37
Q

is a key
conduit for nerve signals to and
from your body. It also helps
control vital processes like your
heartbeat, breathing and blood
pressure.

A

Medulla Oblongata

38
Q

• Part of the hindbrain that differentiates into the
pons and the cerebellum

A

METENCEPHALON

39
Q

It is involved in the control of
breathing, communication between different
parts of the brain, and sensations such as
hearing, taste, and balance.

A

PONS

40
Q

receives information from
the sensory systems, the spinal cord, and other
parts of the brain and then regulates motor
movements.

A

CEREBELLUM

41
Q

• Is a portion of the central nervous
system associated with vision, hearing,
motor control, sleep/wake, arousal
and temperature regulation.

A

MESENCEPHALON (MIDBRAIN)

42
Q

is a region of the brain,
specifically the dorsal (top) part of the
midbrain.

A

TECTUM

43
Q

____– is involved in auditory processing.

____ - is involved in visual function and control of eye movements.

A

-INFERIOR COLLICULI
-SUPERIOR COLLICULI

44
Q

is the division of
the mesencephalon ventral (lower) to
the tectum.

A

TEGMENTUM

45
Q

• Is a division of the forebrain,
and is situated between the
telencephalon and the
midbrain.
• Composed of two
structures: THALAMUS
AND HYPOTHALAMUS

A

DIENCEPHALON

46
Q

• Is a large mass of grey matter in the dorsal
part of the diencephalon of the brain. It acts as
a bridge by sending inputs from the sense
organs (except for smell) to the cortex.
• A major role of the _____ is to support
the motor and language system. Damage to
the thalamus can lead to permanent coma

A

THALAMUS

47
Q

• It exerts its effects in part by
regulating the release of hormones
from the pituitary gland which dangles
from it on the ventral surface of the
brain.
• It plays an important role in the
regulation of several motivated
behaviors (e.g., eating, sleep, and
sexual behavior).

A

HYPOTHALAMUS

48
Q

• The largest division of the human
brain.
• It initiates voluntary movement,
interprets sensory input, and
mediates complex cognitive
processes such as learning,
speaking, and problem solving

A

TELENCEPHALON

49
Q

• the principal and most anterior
part of the brain in vertebrates,
located in the front area of the
skull and consisting of two
hemispheres, left and right,
separated by a fissure.
• It is responsible for the
integration of complex sensory
and neural functions and the
initiation and coordination of
voluntary activity in the body

A

CEREBRUM

50
Q

•The outermost layer of
the brain containing gray
matter.
•Responsible for many
higher order functions
like language and
information processing

A

CEREBRAL CORTEX

51
Q

• make up the largest
part of the cortex.
• Their central functions are to process
information relating to memory,
planning, decision making, goal setting,
and creativity.
• also contain the
primary motor cortex that regulates
muscular movements

A

FRONTAL LOBE

52
Q

•located on the side of
the cerebrum, is
responsible for
processing auditory
information.

A

TEMPORAL LOBE

53
Q

• Located at the top of the brain in the
cerebrum are responsible for the sense
of touch, and they help to determine
body position and integrate visual
information.
• have anterior (front)
and posterior (rear) sections.

A

PARIETAL LOBE

54
Q

• are primarily concerned
with processing visual
information.
• also is known as the visual
cortex.

A

OCCIPITAL LOBE

55
Q

•Is involved in the regulation of
motivated and emotional
behaviors

A

LIMBIC SYSTEM

56
Q

•is involved in the control
of emotion, survival
instincts and memory.
• function is
to assess the harmfulness
of sensory inputs.

A

AMYGDALA

57
Q

• is a C-shaped bundle of nerve
fibers in the brain that acts as the
major output tract of the
hippocampus.
• Damage to the ____has been
associated with anterograde
amnesia—inability to create new
memories.

A

FORNIX

58
Q

CINGULATE CORTEX• It is an integral part of the limbic
system, which is involved with emotion
formation and processing, learning, and
memory.
• The combination of these three
functions makes the cingulate gyrus
highly influential in linking motivational
outcomes to behavior

A

CINGULATE CORTEX

59
Q

• it is often treated as
simply an anatomical
barrier in many
discussions of the septum.
However, its connections
with the hippocampus and
hypothalamus suggest a
role at least as a relay
station between these
structures.

A

SEPTUM

60
Q

•is the brain structure
responsible for memory
of the immediate past.

A

HIPPOCAMPUS

61
Q

•refers to a group of
subcortical nuclei
responsible primarily for
motor control, as well as
other roles such as motor
learning, executive functions
and behaviors, and emotions

A

BASAL GANGLIA

62
Q

• Means “tail-like’
• The caudate nucleus is a Cshaped structure.
• It’s responsible for processing
visual information, movement,
and memory.
• Dysfunction may cause
conditions like dementia or
Parkinson’s disease.

A

CAUDATE NUCLEUS

63
Q

•the outer part of the nucleus
of the brain.
•A primary function of
the putamen is to regulate
movements at various stages
(e.g. preparation and
execution) and influence
various types of learning.

A

PUTAMEN

64
Q

• a group of nuclei that have a
variety of functions but are
best known for their role in
facilitating voluntary
movement.

A

STRIATUM

65
Q

•It is part of the basal ganglia,
which, among many other
things, regulate movements
that occur on the
subconscious level.

A

GLOBUS PALLIDUS

Biopsychology (8 decks)

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