Chapter 3 Anatomy of the NS

Question 1

•Coordinates all
activities of the body
•Enables the body to
responds and adapts
to changes

Answer 1

NERVOUS SYSTEM

Question 2

•Coordinates all
activities of the body
•Enables the body to
responds and adapts
to changes

Answer 2

NERVOUS SYSTEM

Question 3

• Part of the CNS that is
located in the skull
• Controls all major body
functions
• the organ inside the head
that controls thought,
memory, feelings, and
activity

Answer 3

BRAIN

Question 4

• Is a long, thin bundle of nervous tissue and
support cells connected to the brain and located
along your back and neck
• Receives and transmits electric signals throughout
the entire body and then back to the brain
• The spinal cord is protected by the vertebrae,
which are bones running down your back, and also
by cerebral spinal fluid, which help to cushion
the nerve tissue

Answer 4

SPINAL CORD

Question 5

• Division that is located outside the brain and spinal
cord
• is the division of the nervous system containing all
the nerves that lie outside of the central nervous
system (CNS).
• The primary role of the PNS is to connect the CNS
to the organs, limbs, and skin.

Answer 5

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)

Question 6

• The _______derives its name
from the Greek word soma, which means
“body.”
• Is the part of the PNS that responsible for
carrying sensory and motor information to
and from the central nervous system.
• It is composed of afferent and efferent
nerves

Answer 6

SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (SNS)
“VOLUNTARY”

Question 7

•Also known as sensory neurons
• Carry sensory signals from the skin,
skeletal muscles, joints, eyes, ears, and
so on, to the central nervous system

Answer 7

AFFERENT NERVES

Question 8

•Also known as motor neurons
•Carry motor signals from the
central nervous system to the
skeletal muscles.

Answer 8

EFFERENT NERVES

Question 9

• is the part of the peripheral nervous system that
regulates the body’s internal environment.
• It is composed of afferent nerves that carry
sensory signals from internal organs to the CNS
and efferent nerves that carry motor signals
from the CNS to internal organs.

Answer 9

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ANS)
“INVOLUNTARY”

Question 10

• Are those autonomic
motor nerves that
project from the CNS in
the lumbar (small of the
back) and thoracic
(chest area) regions of
the spinal cord
• Regulates the flight or
fight responses.

Answer 10

SYMPATHETIC
NERVOUS SYSTEM

Question 11

• Are those autonomic
motor nerves that
project from the brain
and sacral (lower back)
region of the spinal cord
• Regulates the rest or
digest response

Answer 11

PARASYMPATHETIC
NERVOUS SYSTEM

Question 12

Are layers of
tough and
connective tissue
that protect and
cover the brain
and spinal cord

Answer 12

3 LAYERS OF MENINGES

Question 13

A.______ - the thickest and
outermost of the three meninges surrounding
the brain and spinal cord
B______.- Spider weblike
membrane - the middle of the three
membranes covering the brain and spinal
cord. It is separated from the pia mater by
the ‘subarachnoid’ “cavity” which is filled
with “cerebrospinal fluid.”
C.______- is the meningeal envelope
that firmly adheres to the surface of the brain
and spinal cord. It is a very thin membrane
composed of fibrous tissue covered on its
outer surface by a sheet of flat cells thought
to be impermeable to fluid

Answer 13

A.DURA MATER
B. ARACHNOID MATER
C.PIA MATER

Question 14

• also known as
ependymal canal, is the
cerebrospinal fluid-filled
space that runs
longitudinally through the
length of the
entire spinal cord.
• is continuous with the
ventricular system of the
brain.

Answer 14

CENTRAL
CANAL

Question 15

•Are the four large internal
chambers of the brain; the two
lateral ventricles, the third ventricle,
and the fourth ventricle

Answer 15

CEREBRAL VENTRICLES

Question 16

• is a clear, colorless
body fluid found in
the brain
and spinal cord.
• Fills the subarachnoid
space, the central
canal of the spinal
cord, and the
cerebral ventricles
of the brain

Answer 16

CEREBROSPINAL
FLUID (CSF)

Question 17

• Impedes the passage of many toxic
substances from the blood into the
brain
• Composed of tightly packed cells of
the brain’s blood vessel walls
• The degree to which therapeutic or
recreational drugs can influence
brain activity depends on the ease
with which they penetrate the _________.

Answer 17

BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER

Question 18

•Are cells that are specialized for
the reception, conduction, and
transmission of electrochemical
signals.

Answer 18

NEURONS

Question 19

EXTERNAL
ANATOMY OF
NEURONS

______• The metabolic center of the neuron; also
called the soma

______• The long narrow process that projects
from the cell body

______• The short processes emanating from the
cell body, which receive most of the
synaptic contacts from other neurons

______• The gaps between adjacent neurons
across which chemical signals are
transmitted

Answer 19

• CELL BODY
• AXON
• DENDRITE
• SYNAPSE

Question 20

• A neuron with one process extending from its

Answer 20

Unipolar

Question 21

A neuron with two process extending from its cell

Answer 21

Bipolar

Question 22

A neuron with more than two process
extending from its cell body

Answer 22

Multipolar

Question 23

neurons with a short axon or no axon at
all. Their function is to integrate the neural activity within a
single brain structure, not to conduct signals from one
structure to another

Answer 23

Interneurons

Question 24

• Found through out the nervous system
• The _____surround neurons and provide support for and
insulation between them.
• are the most abundant cell types in the central nervous
system.

Answer 24

GLIAL CELLS

Question 25

their main functions are to provide support and insulation to axons in the central nervous system

Answer 25

Oligodendrocytes

Question 26

any of the cells in the peripheral nervous system that produce the myelin sheath around neuronal axons.They guide axonal regeneration (regrowth) after damage

Answer 26

Schwann cells

Question 27

They respond to injury or disease by multiplying, engulfing cellular debris, and triggering inflammatory responses

Answer 27

Microglia

Question 28

they cover the outer surfaces of blood vessels that course through the brain. They play a role in allowing the passage of some chemicals from blood into CNS and in blocking other chemicals

Answer 28

Astrocytes

Question 29

• is composed largely of cell bodies and unmyelinated interneurons

Answer 29

GRAY MATTER

Question 30

the two dorsal arms of the spinal gray matter

Answer 30

DORSAL HORNS

Question 31

the two ventral arms

Answer 31

VENTRAL HORNS

Question 32

•is composed largely of myelinated axons •is sometimes called superficial tissue because it is located in the outer regions of the brain and spinal cord

Answer 32

WHITE MATTER

Question 33

is a vertical plane which passes through the body longitudinally. It divides the body into a left section and a right section.

Answer 33

SAGITTAL PLANE

Question 34

is a vertical plane which also passes through the body perpendicular (at a right angle) to the sagittal plane. It divides the body into a front (anterior) section and back (posterior) section.

Answer 34

CORONAL PLANE

Question 35

is a horizontal plane. It divides the body into an upper (superior) section and a lower (inferior) section.

Answer 35

TRANSVERSE PLANE -

Question 36

• The most posterior division of the brain it is composed largely of tracts carrying signals between the rest of the brain and the body

Answer 36

MYELENCEPHALON (MEDULLA)

Question 37

is a key conduit for nerve signals to and from your body. It also helps control vital processes like your heartbeat, breathing and blood pressure.

Answer 37

Medulla Oblongata

Question 38

• Part of the hindbrain that differentiates into the pons and the cerebellum

Answer 38

METENCEPHALON

Question 39

It is involved in the control of breathing, communication between different parts of the brain, and sensations such as hearing, taste, and balance.

Answer 39

PONS

Question 40

receives information from the sensory systems, the spinal cord, and other parts of the brain and then regulates motor movements.

Answer 40

CEREBELLUM

Question 41

• Is a portion of the central nervous system associated with vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, arousal and temperature regulation.

Answer 41

MESENCEPHALON (MIDBRAIN)

Question 42

is a region of the brain, specifically the dorsal (top) part of the midbrain.

Answer 42

TECTUM

Question 43

____– is involved in auditory processing. ____ - is involved in visual function and control of eye movements.

Answer 43

-INFERIOR COLLICULI -SUPERIOR COLLICULI

Question 44

is the division of the mesencephalon ventral (lower) to the tectum.

Answer 44

TEGMENTUM

Question 45

• Is a division of the forebrain, and is situated between the telencephalon and the midbrain. • Composed of two structures: THALAMUS AND HYPOTHALAMUS

Answer 45

DIENCEPHALON

Question 46

• Is a large mass of grey matter in the dorsal part of the diencephalon of the brain. It acts as a bridge by sending inputs from the sense organs (except for smell) to the cortex. • A major role of the _____ is to support the motor and language system. Damage to the thalamus can lead to permanent coma

Answer 46

THALAMUS

Question 47

• It exerts its effects in part by regulating the release of hormones from the pituitary gland which dangles from it on the ventral surface of the brain. • It plays an important role in the regulation of several motivated behaviors (e.g., eating, sleep, and sexual behavior).

Answer 47

HYPOTHALAMUS

Question 48

• The largest division of the human brain. • It initiates voluntary movement, interprets sensory input, and mediates complex cognitive processes such as learning, speaking, and problem solving

Answer 48

TELENCEPHALON

Question 49

• the principal and most anterior part of the brain in vertebrates, located in the front area of the skull and consisting of two hemispheres, left and right, separated by a fissure. • It is responsible for the integration of complex sensory and neural functions and the initiation and coordination of voluntary activity in the body

Answer 49

CEREBRUM

Question 50

•The outermost layer of the brain containing gray matter. •Responsible for many higher order functions like language and information processing

Answer 50

CEREBRAL CORTEX

Question 51

• make up the largest part of the cortex. • Their central functions are to process information relating to memory, planning, decision making, goal setting, and creativity. • also contain the primary motor cortex that regulates muscular movements

Answer 51

FRONTAL LOBE

Question 52

•located on the side of the cerebrum, is responsible for processing auditory information.

Answer 52

TEMPORAL LOBE

Question 53

• Located at the top of the brain in the cerebrum are responsible for the sense of touch, and they help to determine body position and integrate visual information. • have anterior (front) and posterior (rear) sections.

Answer 53

PARIETAL LOBE

Question 54

• are primarily concerned with processing visual information. • also is known as the visual cortex.

Answer 54

OCCIPITAL LOBE

Question 55

•Is involved in the regulation of motivated and emotional behaviors

Answer 55

LIMBIC SYSTEM

Question 56

•is involved in the control of emotion, survival instincts and memory. • function is to assess the harmfulness of sensory inputs.

Answer 56

AMYGDALA

Question 57

• is a C-shaped bundle of nerve fibers in the brain that acts as the major output tract of the hippocampus. • Damage to the ____has been associated with anterograde amnesia—inability to create new memories.

Answer 57

FORNIX

Question 58

CINGULATE CORTEX• It is an integral part of the limbic system, which is involved with emotion formation and processing, learning, and memory. • The combination of these three functions makes the cingulate gyrus highly influential in linking motivational outcomes to behavior

Answer 58

CINGULATE CORTEX

Question 59

• it is often treated as simply an anatomical barrier in many discussions of the septum. However, its connections with the hippocampus and hypothalamus suggest a role at least as a relay station between these structures.

Answer 59

SEPTUM

Question 60

•is the brain structure responsible for memory of the immediate past.

Answer 60

HIPPOCAMPUS

Question 61

•refers to a group of subcortical nuclei responsible primarily for motor control, as well as other roles such as motor learning, executive functions and behaviors, and emotions

Answer 61

BASAL GANGLIA

Question 62

• Means “tail-like’ • The caudate nucleus is a Cshaped structure. • It’s responsible for processing visual information, movement, and memory. • Dysfunction may cause conditions like dementia or Parkinson’s disease.

Answer 62

CAUDATE NUCLEUS

Question 63

•the outer part of the nucleus of the brain. •A primary function of the putamen is to regulate movements at various stages (e.g. preparation and execution) and influence various types of learning.

Answer 63

PUTAMEN

Question 64

• a group of nuclei that have a variety of functions but are best known for their role in facilitating voluntary movement.

Answer 64

STRIATUM

Question 65

•It is part of the basal ganglia, which, among many other things, regulate movements that occur on the subconscious level.

Answer 65

GLOBUS PALLIDUS