Evolution , Genetics, and experience

Question 1

argued that physical matter
(the brain) could be observed scientifically,
but that the mind (soul) has no physical
substance and is thus under the scope of
religion

Answer 1

René Descartes

Question 2

was sanctioned
by the church and and so the idea that the
human brain and the mind are separate
entities became even more accepted

Answer 2

Cartesian dualism

Question 3

father of behaviorism

Answer 3

John B. Watson

Question 4

study of animal behaviour in the wild), which focused
on instinctive behaviours

Answer 4

ethology

Question 5

He was not the first to propose that
species evolve from pre-existing species, he was
the first to suggest how evolution occurs and
provide a large body of supporting evidence

Answer 5

Charles Darwin’

Question 6

Modern biology began in _____ with the
publication of Charles Darwin’s On the Origin__________where he described his theory of evolution

Answer 6

1895
Origin of Species

Question 7

Development of individuals over
their life span

Answer 7

Ontogeny

Question 8

Evolutionary development of species
through the ages

Answer 8

Phylogeny

Question 9

undermined the assumption that
behavior develops largely through learning by
showing that behavioral traits can be
selectively bred
 He experimented with rats by teaching them how
to run a maze
 He mated the males and females that entered
incorrect alleys least frequently (maze-bright)
and he mated the males and females that entered
incorrect alleys most frequently (maze-dull)

Answer 9

Robert Tryon

Question 10

Neurological disorder
born from a genetic mutation. Low levels in the
enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase leads to low
metabolism of the amino acid phenylalanine and
can lead to intellectual disability if untreated.

Answer 10

Phenylketonuria (PKU

Question 11

as discovered by the Norwegian dentist _______________ when he noticed that the urine of his mentally retarded children had a peculiar odor (samples of their urine showed high levels of phenylpyruvic acid)

Answer 11

Ivar Asbjørn Følling

Question 12

study of twins had results that
showed that even if adult identical were raised in
different family environments, they were
substantially more similar to one another than
fraternal twins

Answer 12

Minnesota

Question 13

He mated the males and females that entered
incorrect alleys least frequently

Answer 13

(maze-bright)

Question 14

he mated the males and females that entered
incorrect alleys most frequently

Answer 14

(maze-dull)

Question 15

EVOLUTION OF HUMANS

Answer 15

 Invertebrates – 600 million years ago
 Chordates – 450 million years ago
 Amphibians – 400 million years ago
 Reptiles – 300 million years ago
 Mammals – 180 million years ago
 Primates of the family that includes humans are the hominins,
which includes the genera Australopithecus and Homo. Homo includes
two species which are Homo erectus and Homo sapiens (humans).

Question 16

Males of a species often establish a hierarchy of social dominance,
sometimes through combat. The dominant male usually copulates more than lower-ranked males. In some species, dominant females are more
likely to produce more, and more healthy, offspring.

Answer 16

Social Dominance

Question 17

The male usually signals to the female to elicit a response, though copulation may fail if one of the pair fails to react appropriately to the signal. Courtship displays are thought to promote the evolution of new
species.

Answer 17

Courtship Display

Question 18

heritable traits that are associated with high rates of
survival and reproduction are the most likely ones to be
passed on to future generations

Answer 18

natural selection:

Question 19

THREE OF DARWIN’S SUPPORTING
EVIDENCE

Answer 19

1. He documented the evolution of fossil records
   through progressively more recent geological
   layers
2. He described striking structural similarities
   among living species, which suggested that they
   had evolved from common ancestors
3. He pointed to the major
   changes that had been
   brought about in
   domestic plants and
   animals by programs of
   selective breeding