The Research Methods of Biospychoagy Flashcards by Johnmark Mago

• is a method of studying
organs using X-rays and the
administration of a special
dye, called a contrast medium.
• This test allows the
radiologist to
evaluate structures that are
not clearly evident on
conventional X-ray exams.

CONTRAST XRAYS

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• is a diagnostic test that uses an X-ray.
• Uses the infusion of a radio-opaque dye into a
cerebral artery to visualize the cerebral
circulatory system during x-ray photography
• It produces a cerebral angiogram, or an image
that find blockages or other abnormalities in the
blood vessels of your head and neck.

CEREBRAL ANGIOGRAPHY

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• Also known as CT scan
• Is a computer-assisted X-ray
procedure that can be used
to visualize the cranium and
the internal structures of
the living body

X-RAY COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY

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• scanners use strong magnetic fields, magnetic field gradients, and
radio waves to generate images of the organs in the body.
• A procedure in which high-resolution images are constructed from the measurement of waves that hydrogen atoms emit when they are activated by radio-frequency waves in a magnetic field.
• provides clearer images of the brain than does CT.

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING

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• Was the first brain-imaging technique to provide images of
brain activity (functional brain images) rather than images of
brain structure (structural brain images).
• The scan uses a special dye containing radioactive tracers.
These tracers are either swallowed, inhaled, or injected into a
vein depending on what part of the body is being examined.

POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY

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• measures brain activity by detecting changes
associated with blood flow.
• Produce images representing the increase in
oxygen flow in the blood to active areas of the
brain.
• BOLD Signal (Blood-oxygen-level-dependent
signal)– the signal recorded by fMRI

FUNCTIONAL MRI

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FOUR ADVANTAGES OF FMRI OVER PET

1.Nothing has to be injected into the subject
2.It provides both structural and functional information in the
same image
3.Its spatial resolution is better
4.It can be used to produce three-dimensional images of
activity over the entire brain

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• is a functional neuroimaging technique for mapping brain activity
by recording magnetic fields produced by electrical currents
occurring naturally in the brain, using very sensitive magnetometers.

Its major advantage over fMRI is its temporal resolution; it can record fast changes in neural activity

MAGNETOENCEPHALOGRAPHY

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• Is a technique for affecting the activity in an area of the cortex by creating a magnetic field under a coil positioned next to the skull.
• In effect, the magnetic stimulation temporarily turns off part of the brain while the effects of the disruption on cognition and behavior are assessed.

TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION

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• Is a measure of the gross electrical
activity of the brain.
• It is recorded through large electrodes
by a device called an
electroencepalograph.
• The scalp EEG signal reflects the sum of
electrical events throughout the head.

SCALP ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY
(EEG)

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• Also called Berger’s wave after the
founder of EEG.
• One type of brain waves in the frequency
range of 7.5–12.5 Hertz arising from
synchronous and coherent (in phase or
constructive) electrical activity
of thalamic pacemaker cells in humans.

ALPHA WAVES

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• Measure of somatic nervous system activity.
• is the usual procedure for measuring muscle tension.

ELECTROMYOGRAPHY
(EMG)

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• Measure of somatic
nervous system activity.
• The electrophysiological
technique for recording
eye-movements

ELECTROOCULOGRAPHY (EOG)

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• measure of autonomic nervous
system activity
• Skin Conductance Level
(SCL)
• Skin Conductance Response

SKIN
CONDUCTANCE

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is a measure of the
background level of skin
conductance that is associated

Skin Conductance Level
(SCL)

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is a measure of the transient
changes in skin conductance that
are associated with discrete
experiences.

Skin Conductance Response

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• Heart Rate
•Blood Pressure
•Blood Volume

CARDIOVASCULAR ACTIVITY

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• the electrical signal that is associated with each
heartbeat can be recorded through electrodes placed
on the chest.
• Electrocardiography (ECG)

HEART RATE

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is the process of
recording the electrical activity of the heart over a
period of time using electrodes placed over the skin

Electrocardiography (ECG)

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• Systoles

• Diastoles

• Sphygmomanometer

BLOOD PRESSURE

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• refers to the various techniques for
measuring changes in the volume of
blood in a particular part of the
body

BLOOD VOLUME
Plethysmography

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• The first step in many biopsychological experiments
• Means by which experimental devices are precisely positioned in the depths of the brain
• Uses the following:
• Stereotaxic atlas, used to locate brain structures from a designated reference point
• Stereotaxic instrument, used to insert the experimental device to the subject’s brain

STEREOTAXIC SURGERY

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• Usually employed in biopsychological studies of laboratory animals
• Falls into one of three categories:
• LESION METHODS
• ELECTRICAL STIMULATION METHODS
• INVASIVE RECORDING METHODS

INVASIVE PHYSIOLOGICAL
RESEARCH METHODS

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• Method wherein a part of the body is removed,
damaged, or destroyed to determine the
functions of the lesioned structures
• Types of lesions:
• ASPIRATION LESIONS
• RADIO-FREQUENCY LESIONS
• KNIFE CUTS
• CRYOGENIC BLOCKADE

LESION METHOD

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is the method of choice for areas of cortical tissue that is accessible to the eyes and instruments of the surgeon • Tissue samples are drawn off by suction through a fine-tipped handheld glass pipette

Aspiration lesions

make use of high-frequency current through the target tissue using a stereotaxically positioned electrode • The radiofrequency current generates heat, which destroys the cortical tissue

Radio-frequency lesions

is used to eliminate conduction in a nerve or tract • A device is stereotaxically positioned in the brain, and the blade swings out to make the cut

Knife cuts or sectioning

makes use of a coolant which is pumped through an implanted cryoprobe • They produce reversible lesions by temporarily stopping neural activity by cooling brain structures

Cryogenic blockade

INTERPRETING LESION EFFECTS

• Lesion effects are difficult to interpret • Difficult to completely destroy a structure without producing significant damage to adjacent structures

• Electrical stimulation of neural structures help identify their functions • Stimulation is delivered across the two tips of a bipolar electrode • Effects are usually opposite of those seen with lesions located at the same site

ELECTRICAL STIMULATION2

METHOD THREE: INVASIVE ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL RECORDING METHODS

• Invasive electrophysiological recording methods include the following: • EXTRACELLULAR UNIT RECORDING • INTRACELLULAR UNIT RECORDING • MULTIPLE-UNIT RECORDING • INVASIVE EEG RECORDING

provides a record of the firing of a neuron but has no information on it’s membrane potential • are recordings of electrical potentials produced by a cell, either in extracellular fluid near the cell of interest, or noninvasively

Extracellular Unit Recording

is the measurement of voltage or current across the membrane of a cell. It typically involves an electrode inserted in the cell and a reference electrode outside the cell. • Usually performed on chemically immobilized animals

INTRACELLULAR UNIT RECORDING

makes use of larger electrode tips, hence, it picks up signals from many neurons • Records the total number of action potentials in a given unit of time (e.g. per 0.1 second)

MULTIPLE-UNIT RECORDING

are recorded through large implanted electrodes • Cortical EEG signals are recorded through stainless steel skull screws, while Subcortical EEG signals are recorded through stereotaxically implanted wire electrodes

INVASIVE EEG RECORDING

1. Fed to the subject 2. Injected through a tube into the stomach (intragastrically) 3. Injected hypodermically into the peritoneal cavity of the abdomen (intraperitoneally, IP) into a large muscle (intramuscularly, IM), into the fatty tissue beneath the skin (subcutaneously, SC), or into a large surface vein (intravenously, IV)

TYPES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION

A TUBE THAT CAN BE INSERTED INTO THE BODY, OFTEN FOR THE DELIVERY OR REMOVAL OF FLUID.

CANNULA

are toxins that are poisonous or destructive to nerve tissue (causing neurotoxicity).

NEUROTOXINS (neural poisons) {(SELECTIVE CHEMICAL LESIONS)

Example of selective neurotoxins:

• kainic acid • Ibotenic acid • 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)

• Two techniques to measure chemical activity of the brain include the following:

MEASURING CHEMICAL ACTIVITY OF THE BRAIN • 2-Deoxyglucose Technique • Cerebral Dialysis

• Placing the subject that has been injected with radioactive 2- DG in a test situation in which it engages in the activity of interest - AUTORADIOGRAPHY

TECHNIQUE ONE: 2-DEOXYGLUCOSE TECHNIQUE

• is the use of X-ray (or occasionally photographic) film to detect radioactive materials

AUTORADIOGRAPHY

• Is the method of measuring the extracellular concentration of specific neurochemicals in behaving animals

TECHNIQUE TWO: CEREBRAL DIALYSIS

• Two of the techniques available for this purpose are: • Immunocytochemistry • In Situ Hybridization

LOCATING NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND RECEPTORS IN THE BRAIN

• Is a procedure for locating particular neuroproteins in the brain by labeling their antibodies with a dye or radioactive element and then exposing slices of brain tissue to the labeled antibodies.

TECHNIQUE ONE: IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY

• Technique to locate peptides and other proteins in the brain.

TECHNIQUE TWO: IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION

• Are procedures for creating organisms that lack a particular gene under investigation

GENE KNOCKOUT TECHNIQUES

GENE REPLACEMENT TECHNIQUES

•Replacing one gene with another.

• Is a protein composed of 238 amino acid residues that exhibits bright green fluorescence when exposed to blue light. • was first isolated from a species of jellyfish.

(FANTASTIC FLUORESCENCE AND THE BRAINBOW) GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN (GFP)

• A single set of procedures developed for the investigation of a particular behavioral phenomenon.

BEHAVIORAL PARADIGM

THREE IMPORTANT WAYS NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING CAN HELP BRAIN-DAMAGED PATIENTS

1. By assisting in the diagnosis of neural disorders, particularly in cases in which brain imaging (EEG) have proved equivocal, 2. By serving as a basis for counseling and caring for the patients; and 3. By providing a basis for objectively evaluating the effectiveness of the treatment and the seriousness of its side effects.

MODERN APPROACH TO NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING

1. Single-test approach 2. Standardized-test-battery approach 3. Customized-test-battery approach

• Were designed to detect the presence of brain damage. • To identify patients with psychological problems resulting from structural brain damage and those with psychological problems resulting from functional changes to the brain.

SINGLE-TEST APPROACH

• To identify patients with brain-damage but the testing involved standardized batteries or sets of tests rather than a single test. • HALSTEAD-REITAN NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST BATTERY

STANDARDIZED-TEST-BATTERY APPROACH

• The most widely used standardized test battery

HALSTEAD-REITAN NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST BATTERY

• This approach proved highly successful in research, and it soon spread to clinical practice. • The objective of this approach is not merely to identify patients with brain damage but to characterize the nature of the psychological deficits of each brain-damaged patient.

CUSTOMIZED-TEST-BATTERY APPROACH

• A test of general intelligence is nearly always included in the battery of neuropsychological tests however, it is a poor measure of brain damage. • Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) • First published in February 1995 by David Wechsler. • Is an IQ test designed to measure intelligence and cognitive ability in adults and older adolescents.

INTELLIGENCE

THE 11 ORIGINAL SUBTESTS OF THE WAIS (VERBAL SUBTESTS)

1. Information 2. Digit Span 3. Vocabulary 4. Arithmetic 5. Comprehension 6. Similarities (performance subtests) 7. Picture Completion 8. Picture Arrangement 9. Block Design 10. Object Assembly 11. Digit Symbol

the subject is presented with 29 questions of general knowledge acquired from culture (for example: Who is the president of the Philippines?)

Information

Participants must recall a series of numbers in order. Three digits are read to the subject at 1-second intervals, and the subject is asked to repeat them in the same order. Two trials are given at three digits, four digits, five digits, and so on until the subject fails both trials at one level.

Digit Span

Participants must name 35 objects in pictures or define words presented to them (for example: tell me the meaning of corrupt)

Vocabulary

the subject is presented with 14 arithmetic questions and must answer them without the benefit of pencil and paper (for example: A person with $28 spends $.50, how much does he have left?)

Arithmetic

the subject is asked 16 questions that test the ability to understand general principles.

Comprehension

the participant is presented with pairs of items and is asked to explain how the items in each pair are similar.

Similarities

the subject must identify the important part missing from 20 drawings

Picture Completion

the subject is presented with 10 sets of cartoon drawings and is asked to arrange each set so that it tells a sensible story

Picture Arrangement

the subject is presented with blocks that are red on two sides, white on two sides, and half red and half white on the other two. The subject is shown pictures of nine patterns and is asked to duplicate them by arranging the blocks appropriately

Block Design

the subject is asked to put together the pieces of four simple jigsaw puzzles to form familiar objects.

Object Assembly

the subject is present with a key that matches each of a series of symbols with a different digit. On the same page is a series of digits and the subject is given 90 second to write the correct symbol, according to the key, next to as many digits as possible.

Digit Symbol

• It is one of several psychological tests which can be administered to patients to measure frontal lobe dysfunction. • The test can be administered to those from 6.5 years to 89 years of age. • The WCST, relies upon a number of cognitive functions including attention, working memory, and visual processing

WISCONSIN CARD SORTING TEST

• is the scientific field that is concerned with the study of the biological processes and aspects that underlie cognition, with a specific focus on the neural connections in the brain which are involved in mental processes. • Is predicated on two related assumptions. • First premise - each complex cognitive process results from the combined activity of simple cognitive processes called Constituent Cognitive Processes. • Second premise – each constituent cognitive process is mediated by neural activity in a particular area of the brain.

COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE

• It involves obtaining PET or MRI images during several different cognitive tasks. • The tasks are designed so that pairs of them differ from each other in terms of only a single constituent cognitive process. • The brain activity associated with that process can be estimated by subtracting the activity in the image associated with one of the two tasks from the activity in the image associated with the other.

PAIRED-IMAGE SUBTRACTION TECHNIQUE

THREE BEHAVIORAL PARADIGMS USED TO STUDY THE BIOPSYCHOLOGY OF LABORATORY SPECIES

1. Paradigms for the assessment of species-common behaviors 2. Traditional conditioning paradigms 3. Semi-natural animal learning paradigms

are those that are displayed by virtually all members of a species, or at least by all those of the same age and sex

PARADIGMS FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF SPECIESCOMMON BEHAVIORS • Species-common behaviors

• Open-Field Test • Tests of Aggressive and Defensive Behavior • Test of Sexual Behavior

PARADIGMS FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF SPECIESCOMMON BEHAVIORS

the subject is placed in a large, barren chamber, and its activity is recorded.

Open-Field Test

can be measured during combative encounters between the dominant male rat of an established colony and a smaller male intruder.

Tests of Aggressive and Defensive Behavior

Three common measures of male rat sexual behavior are the number of mounts required to achieve intromission, the number of intromissions required to achieve ejaculation, and the interval between ejaculation and the re-initiation of mounting.

Test of Sexual Behavior

• Developed by Ivan Pavlov. • is a multistep procedure that initially involves presenting an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) (e.g. meat powder), which elicits an unconditioned response (UCR) (e.g. salivation).

TRADITIONAL CONDITIONING PARADIGMS • Pavlonian Conditioning Paradigm

• Developed by Burhuss Frederic Skinner • The rate at which a particular voluntary response (such as lever press) is emitted is increased by reinforcement or decreased by punishment.

TRADITIONAL CONDITIONING PARADIGMS • Operant Conditioning Paradigm

• The following are four common semi-natural learning paradigms 1. Conditioned Taste Aversion 2. Radial Arm Maze 3. Morris Water Maze 4. Conditioned Defensive Burying

SEMI-NATURAL ANIMAL LEARNING PARADIGMS

is the avoidance response that develops to tastes of food whose consumption has been followed by illness

SEMI-NATURAL ANIMAL LEARNING PARADIGMS • Conditioned Taste Aversion

to measure spatial learning and memory in rats.

SEMI-NATURAL ANIMAL LEARNING PARADIGMS •Radial Arm Maze

another semi-natural learning paradigm that has been designed to study the spatial abilities of rats.

SEMI-NATURAL ANIMAL LEARNING PARADIGMS • Morris Water Maze

rats receive a single aversive stimulus (e.g. a shock, sir blast, or noxious odor) from an object mounted on the wall of the chamber just above the floor, which is littered with bedding material.

SEMI-NATURAL ANIMAL LEARNING PARADIGMS • Conditioned Defensive Burying

The Research Methods of Biospychoagy Flashcards

(85 cards)