Chapter 3 Bio Flashcards
(77 cards)
1
Q
regeneration
A
- the process where a body part is replaced or regrown
- ie/ the salamander can replace its amputated limbs, tail, and part of the heart through the process of mitosis and eventual specialization of cells
- humans can regenerate their liver and young children can regenerate amputated fingertips
2
Q
research into regeneration
A
A powder stimulated a human adult fingertip that had been severed to regrow, made from pig’s bladers which is called an extra cellular matrix (2008)
Body parts can also now be grown in a lab on a prepared surface, called a scaffold (bladder cells in 2 months)
3
Q
The process of cell specialization
A
- all cells in an organism contain the same DNA, but are not all alike
- cells develop in different ways to perform particular functions and a process called cell specialization
4
Q
stem cells
A
- every cell in your body originally came from a small group of stem cells
- a stem cell is an un specialized cell that can form specialized cells when exposed to the proper environment or can remain on specialized and dividing for long periods
- stem cells can be used to treat injuries diseases and regenerate organs
- they’re capable of becoming any cell, including nerve cells, blood cells, or muscle cells in the human body
5
Q
embryonic and adult stem cells
A
- embryonic stem cells are found in embryos and can differentiate into any kind of cell
- As these cells divide further specialization occurs, leaving cells with the limited ability to create a variety of cell types; these cells are called adult cells which exists within specialized tissues, and are only able to differentiate into certain types of cells
6
Q
Pluripotent
A

7
Q
totipotent
A
8
Q
Stem cell research
A
- Scientist found that skin contain stem cells
- They located fibroblasts (specialized skin cells) that they’ve been able to grow into bone and cartilage
- They can take embryonic stem cells from the umbilical cord of a placenta and can use an aborted fetus or stillbirth
9
Q
meristematic cells
A
- Plant cells are called meristematic cells
- found in the growing tips of roots and stems, and also a layer in the stem called the camblum
- are active throughout the life of a plant, which means that they continually produce new cells of various types
10
Q
Why is the respiratory system important
A
- it is responsible for gas exchange via diffusion, making oxygen available to all cells of the body and removing carbon dioxide as waste
- It is closely connected to the circulatory system, and one cannot do his job without the other
11
Q
order of the major organs of the respiratory systems
A
nasal cavity, pharynx (throat), epiglottis, larynx (voicebox), trachea (windpipe), bronchi or bronchial tubes, bronchioles, alveoli, lungs, pleura membrane, diaphragm
12
Q
Nasal cavity
A
- rich in capillaries
- line with cells that create mucus
- Lined with cilia
13
Q
pharynx (throat)
A
- this is where the inhaled air from the nasal cavity meets inhaled air from the mouth
- muscular structure
- common path for food and air
14
Q
epiglottis
A
- flap of muscular tissue that prevent prevents food from entering the trachea
15
Q
larynx (voice box)
A
- upper part of the trachea which contains the vocal cord
- Made of cartilage
16
Q
trachea (windpipe)
A
- hollow tube that connects the pharynx to bronchi and consistent of, cartilage rings, smooth muscle, mucus cells, and cilia
17
Q
Bronchi or bronchial tubes
A
- 2 tubes that consist of cartilage rings, smooth muscle, mucus cells, and cilia
18
Q
Bronchioles
A
- small branches of bronchi found inside the lungs that contain cartilage rings and smooth muscle
19
Q
alveoli
A
- grape like a bunches of air sacks that are responsible for receiving air from the bronchioles
- they’re covered in capillaries and are responsible for gas exchange
20
Q
Lungs
A
- 2 soft, spongy organs that house the bronchioles and alveoli, located within the thoracic cavity
21
Q
plura membrane
A
- Double membrane that surrounds each lung with fluid in between them and they are used to protect the lungs as well as maintain their shape
22
Q
Diaphragm
A
- A large, thin bond of muscle located under the heart and lungs that is not only used to separate the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity, but to also aid in inhalation and exhalation
23
Q
Cellular respiration
A
- 6O2 + C6H12O6 yields 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
- when the body releases CO2 into the blood, it is transported back to the Avioli where it will eventually be exhaled
- It occurs in the eytosol and mitochondria of every cell
24
Q
Inhalation versus exhalation
A
- inhalation: when you breathe muscular contractions caused the rib cage to move up and out, and the diaphragm to move down; this causes air to be pulled into the body through your nose, your mouth
- Exhalation: when you exhale, your chest muscles and diaphragm relax, rib cage moves down and in, and the diaphragm moves up, forcing her to rush out of the nose and mouth
25
diseases with the respiratory system
- tuberculosis is caused by bacteria entering the body when breathing
- cancer can develop after inhaling secondhand smoke
26
why is the nervous system so important?
- Crucial for survival as it carries messages throughout the body
- allows us to interact with our environment and coordinate responses (communication, coordination, and perception)
27
what does the nervous system consist of?
- brain
- spinal cord
- nerves
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what are the nervous systems two parts?
1. Central nervous system: consists of brain and spinal cord, core of the nervous system
2. Peripheral nervous system: consist of nerves that connect the body to the CNS and carry signals between the body, environment, and CNS
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the peripheral nervous system has three groups of nerves…
1. nerves that control voluntary muscles
2. Nerves that carry information from sensory organs and touch receptors to the brain (eyes, ears, tongue)
3. Nerves that control involuntary functions
30
How is the brain and spinal cord protected?
- the CNS is protected by bones (skull protects the brain and spine protects spinal cord)
- Both the brain and spinal cord are surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid (acts like a cushion from injury, transports chemicals, and removes waste in the brain)
31
Nerve tissue
- made out of special cells called neurons found in the brain, spinal cord and nerves
- neuron send info to communicate around the body by conducting electrical signals and nerve impulses from one area to another
- nerves are bundles of neuron, surrounded by connective tissues allow a two way flow of information, while each neuron allows only in one
- if neurons become injured, they do not regenerate easily with mitosis
32
Sensory receptors
special cells/tissues receive information from the environment and send signals along the peripheral nerves to the CNS
Includes eyes ears, mouth, nose, and skin
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diseases and injuries to the nervous system
physical trauma from a fall can damage the spine and result in paralysis, damage to the brain can cause a concussion
muliple selerosis: immune system can attack the brain and nerves and destroy myelin sheaths
34
immune/lymphatic system
consist of tonsils, spleen, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels
Returns fluid to circulatory system and helps fight infection, white blood cell hang out
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excretory system
Consists of kidneys, bladder, ureter, and arteries
Filters the blood, and move things out that are not needed
36
endocrine system
Includes the thyroid gland, pituitary gland, adrenal gland, lineal land, and gonads
Moves hormones
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Reproductive
for a male, it delivers sperm, and for women fertilize eggs, and develops a baby
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Integumentary system
consist of hair, nails and skin
Provides protection from external environment and regulates fluid level
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Homeostasis
meaning steady state, our body system works in a way to keep our body functioning
40
components of the musculoskeletal system
bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, and connective tissues
The skeleton provides a framework for muscles and tissues, and bones and muscles work together to support, protect, give structure, and facilitate movement in the body
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The skeletons connective tissues
- bones: dense, hard, strong, and consists of phosphorus, calcium, and collagen fibres
- Ligaments: made of tough elastic connective tissue that have a lot of strong collagen fibers, and it serves to hold bones together
- Cartilage: dense strong, flexible, low friction connective tissue that protects joints and bones
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Muscles
- muscle tissue is composed of long cells called muscle fibres that contain proteins
- muscle cells are excitable and response to stimulus
- when muscles contract they shorten and get thicker and cause bones to move
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Types of muscle tissues
1. skeletal: voluntary movement, maintain body temperature, stabilize joints; attached to bones around entry/exit sites (mouth and anus)
2. Smooth: involuntary movement, moves food, aids in, digestion nutrient collection; located in walls of major organ/passageways (ie/ intestines)
3. cardiac: contracts to pump blood, and is located in the heart
44
Main role of the skeleton
- Provide support and structure to the body while also protecting internal organs
- Anchoring points for our muscles
- muscle or vitamins and some contain marrow (found in the centre of most bones has many blood vessels, and makes components of the blood)
45
How do muscles make bones move?
- muscle fibres contract (tense up) in response to a signal from the nervous system
- this force will move one or both of the bones the muscle is attached to
- Skeletal muscle muscles always work in pairs, and they are attached to bones by tendons
46
Osteoporosis
- A disease that causes bones to become weak and riddled with low bone mass
- it’s caused by low calcium intake
- by exercising and consuming foods that support phone health it can lessen the risk
47
how invertebrae’s protect internal organs
With exoskeletons, which is a skeletal system on the outside of the body instead of the inside
48
The hierarchy of structure animals
- more complex things are at the top and simpler are below them
- the levels of organization are organ systems, organs, tissues, and cells
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Tissue
A collection of similar cells that perform a particular but limited function
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Organ
A structure, composed of different tissues working together to perform a complex body function
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Organ system
A system of one or more organs structures that work together to perform a major vital body function, such as digestion or reproduction
52
what are the four main types of animal tissues?
1. Epithelial tissue
2. Connective tissue
3. Muscle tissue
4. Nerve tissue
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epithelial tissue
A thin sheet of lightly packed cells that covers body surfaces and lines, internal organs and body cavities
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connective tissue
Specialized tissue that provides support and protection for various parts of the body
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Muscle tissue
A group of specialized tissues containing proteins that can contract and enable the body to move
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Nerve tissue
specialized tissue that conducts electrical signals from one part of the body to another
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What is the task of organ systems?
to perform the basic function, such as obtaining oxygen nutrients, eliminating waste, sense, and response environment grow, repair damage, and reproduce
58
what is the digestive system?
The organ system that is made up of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder; the system that takes in, breaks up, and digest food and excretes the waste
59
What is the digestive tract?
essentially one long tube with two openings, one at each end, lined with epithelial tissue and goblet cells that secretes mucus to protect the tube from digestive enzymes and allow food to pass through smoothly
60
what is the order of the digestive system?
Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and the accessory organs of the liver, pancreas and gallbladder
61
The mouth
begins process of breaking down food, both mechanically (teeth and tongue) and chemically (with enzymes from saliva to breakdown food molecules) until it is passed to the esophagus
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esophagus
A muscular tube connecting the mouth to stomach. The smooth muscle tissue can contract and relax, controlled by nerve tissue to slowly move the food along.
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Stomach
Holds food insurance to continue digestion the stomach landing contain cells that produce digestive enzymes and acids smooth muscle tissue contracts to make stomach contents and has nerve that sends signals when full
64
intestines
- has cells that produce mucus find blood vessels that are interlaced with other tissues and has smooth muscles that contract
- The 6 m long small intestine is where most digestion occurs goblet cells, release, mucus, and nutrients diffuse into the bloodstream
- The 1.5 m long, large intestine, absorbs water from the digestible food and the remaining solid matter is excreted as faeces from the anus
65
Accessory organs to the digestive system
The liver, pancreas and gallbladder all help with the digestion of food by supplying digestive enzymes
The liver produces bile a fluid that helps to break down fat and food, and the pancreas creates insulin which are delivered into the digestive tract where they mix with partially digested food
66
Circulatory system
The organ system that is made up of the heart, the blood and the blood vessels; the system that transports oxygen and nutrients throughout the body and carry away waste
67
What is blood?
- A type of connective tissue that circulates throughout all the body
- the different types are red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma
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Red blood cells
most of the bodies blood (almost 50%), contain hemoglobin protein, which allows them to transport oxygen throughout the body and make it appear red
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White blood cell
infection fighting cells in the blood, they recognize and destroy bacteria and viruses, make up less than 1% of blood, and are the only blood cells to have a nucleus
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Platelets
tiny cells that help in blood clotting and comprise less than 1% of the blood
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plasma
Protein rich liquid that carries the blood cell along and makes up more than 50% of the blood’s volume
72
The heart
- made up of cardiac muscle tissue, nerve tissue, and connective tissue
- cardiac muscle tissue is a muscle found only in the heart, and it contracts the whole heart at the same time and moves blood in the body
- Muscles and nerves in the heart are covered in epithelial tissue to reduce friction and protect the heart when the lungs expand, as well as the heart inside’s inside to allow free blood flow
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Blood vessels
- form a network of tubes throughout the body to transport the blood
- are arteries, veins, and capillaries
74
artery
A thick walled blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart under greater pressure
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Vein
A blood vessel that returns blood to the heart
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capillary
A tiny, thin walled blood vessel that enables the exchange of gases nutrients and waste between the blood and the body tissues
77
Coronary arteries
- the blood vessel that provides blood to the heart muscle tissue itself
- If they get plugged with plaque, either by genetics or poor life choices, tiredness, dizziness, and pain or burning in the chest will be symptoms
- If they are completely blocked by plaque or a blood clot, the heart muscle can no longer receive oxygen and nutrients that it’s a function, the heart stops pumping, and the heart tissue begins to die (heart attack)
