Chapter 3 - Biology

Question 1

Genotype

Answer 1

genetic makeup of an organism

Question 2

phenotype

Answer 2

physical and behavioral expression of the genotype

Question 3

somatotype

Answer 3

category people are assigned to based on body type

Question 4

ectomorphic

Answer 4

skinny and weak - intelligent, introverted, ancious, self0conscious

Question 5

mesomorphic

Answer 5

even weight distribution - competitive, extroverted, tough

Question 6

endomorphic

Answer 6

fat and short - outgoing, friendly, lazy and selfish

Question 7

how can attractiveness effect views on crime?

Answer 7

makes you seem more trustworthy. less likely to be punished

Question 8

neuropsychology

Answer 8

study of the brain

Question 9

Fore brain

Answer 9

governs complex functions

Question 10

cerebrum

Answer 10

contributes to human qualities

Question 11

corprus callosum

Answer 11

connects hemispheres

Question 12

limbic system

Answer 12

emotional drives

Question 13

frontal lobe

Answer 13

sensory info, high order thinking

Question 14

parietal lobe

Answer 14

processes senses

Question 15

temporal

Answer 15

language and speech

Question 16

occipital

Answer 16

vision

Question 17

What does organic brain syndrome decrease?

Answer 17

mental functioning

Question 18

what can traumatic brain injury (tbi) cause

Answer 18

anxiety, depression, impulsive or reactive violence

Question 19

what is a major cause of brain injury in youth?

Answer 19

child abuse

Question 20

Which brain part plays a role in aggression

Answer 20

Prefrontal cortex, temporal dysfunction

Question 21

amygdala

Answer 21

fight or flight response

Question 22

temporal lobe injuries

Answer 22

impacts limbic system and leads to misinterpretation on environmental cues

Question 23

dopamine

Answer 23

rewards system, high levels can lead to aggression, triggers defensive responses

Question 24

norepinephrine

Answer 24

fight or flight, high in aggressive/dominating people

Question 25

Behavioral Activation System (BAS)

Answer 25

Activates behavior in response to reward Overactivity = impulsive behavior Dopamine system

Question 26

Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS)

Answer 26

Inhibits behavior in response to fear, punishment Underactivity = impulsive behavior Serotonin system

Question 27

Behavior related to testosterone

Answer 27

competitiveness, aggression, risk-taking

Question 28

infanticide

Answer 28

killing a child under the age of 1

Question 29

Postpartum blues

Answer 29

Mood swings, irritability, crying

Question 30

Post partum depression

Answer 30

Fatigue, suicidal thoughts, loos of interest

Question 31

Post partum psychosis

Answer 31

Mania and depression - 20-40% commit infanticide

Question 32

What is cortisol

Answer 32

stress hormone released when under stress

Question 33

high levels of cortisol

Answer 33

psychological stress, social avoidance

Question 34

low levels of cortisol

Answer 34

relaxation, submission, low levels of aggression

Question 35

chronic low levels - cortisol

Answer 35

no fear of punishment

Question 36

autonomic arousal theory of crime

Answer 36

offenders show low levels

Question 37

Charles Whitman

Answer 37

Veteran that open fired due to brain tumour

Question 38

Executive control functions

Answer 38

high-order cognitive skills - decision making, planning, predicting

Question 39

Frontal lobe dysfunction

Answer 39

cannot anticipate consequence, cannot adapt, overact to minor provocations

Question 40

Hormones

Answer 40

regulates growth and sexual development

Question 41

High heart rate

Answer 41

anxiety and fearful temperament

Question 41

Skin conductance

Answer 41

changes of electrical activity in skin - more sweat, goosebumps

Question 42

low heart rate

Answer 42

low levels of fear

Question 43

causes of low heart rate

Answer 43

lack of stimulation, under-arousal, reduced fear in childhood

Question 44

environmental risk factors

Answer 44

neurotoxins, prenatal nutrition, prenatal alcohol or smoking, birth complications

Question 45

prenatal

Answer 45

inside the womb

Question 46

perinatal

Answer 46

at time of birth

Question 47

postnatal

Answer 47

after birth

Question 48

teratogen

Answer 48

substance that causes birth defects such as alcohol

Question 49

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) effects

Answer 49

lower iq, likely to be incarcerated, cognitive disabilities

Question 50

maternal smoking

Answer 50

affects dopamine and serotonin systems, ADHD and CD risks

Question 51

why might maternal smoking occur

Answer 51

lack of concern for fetus, unable to quit due to addiction (could be genetic as well)

Question 52

Minor physical anomalies

Answer 52

small defects that result from fetal maldevelopment - seen in schizophrenia

Question 53

neurotoxins

Answer 53

exposure to toxic materials in environment

Question 54

lead

Answer 54

reduces lobe matter and brain volume - connects to psychopathy

Question 55

Who is most affected by lead

Answer 55

children - they absorb it 5 times as much

Question 56

cadmium

Answer 56

learning difficulties - violent behavior. caused from prenatal smoking

Question 57

manganese

Answer 57

prenatal exposure and infant feeding - affects developing nervous system

Question 58

mercury

Answer 58

dietary exposure, linked to antisocial behavior