Chapter 7 - Learning and Social Cognition

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

Acquiring or changing behavior

Question 2

How does learning occur

Answer 2

through observation or association

Question 3

Classical conditioning

Answer 3

Two unrelated stimuli being paired to create a response without the other stimulus present

Question 4

Operant conditioning

Answer 4

behavior changes based on punishment or reinforcement

Question 5

Reinforcement

Answer 5

increasing probability of future responding

Question 6

Positive reinforcement

Answer 6

something positive added

Question 7

Negative reinforcement

Answer 7

something negative taken away

Question 8

What is the most effective reinforcement

Answer 8

when it occurs immediately

Question 9

Punishment

Answer 9

anything that decreases chances of repeated behavior

Question 10

Positive punishment

Answer 10

something negative added

Question 11

negative punishment

Answer 11

something positive removed

Question 12

Extinction

Answer 12

not reinforcing or punishing a behavior

Question 13

Reinforcement schedule

Answer 13

how often and regularly a reinforcement is in place

Question 14

Why CJS punishments fail

Answer 14

Intensity
Immediacy
Consistency
No good behavior replacements

Question 15

Social learning

Answer 15

Learning by observing others

Question 16

Model

Answer 16

Person who originally performed a behavior

Question 17

Acquisition

Answer 17

Observing model and memorizing behavior

Question 18

Imitation

Answer 18

Performing acquired behavior

Question 19

Expectancy theory

Answer 19

Behavior is based on the expectation that behavior will lead to a specific outcome

Question 20

Bobo Doll experiment

Answer 20

Children will be aggressive after seeing aggressive behavior

Question 21

Differential association-reinforcement

Answer 21

people act after observing reinforced behavior

Question 22

Social cognition

Answer 22

Empathy towards others, solving interpersonal problems, developing values

Question 22

Cognition

Answer 22

Perceptions, thoughts, memories, decisions

Question 23

Kohlberg’s theory of..

Answer 23

moral development

Question 24

Nonsocial cognition

Answer 24

how we understand the physical world

Question 25

Preconventional level

Answer 25

Stage 1 - avoiding punishment Stage 2 - aiming for reward lowest level of morality

Question 26

Conventional level

Answer 26

stage 3 - good boy/girl attitude stage 4 - loyalty to law and order societies norms and laws - obedience to law

Question 27

postconventional level

Answer 27

stage 5 - justice of spirit and law stage 6 - universal principles of ethics create their own set of laws based on morals

Question 28

which moral level is most considered a risk factor for crime

Answer 28

postconventional

Question 29

Moral disengagement

Answer 29

psychological mechanisms to avoid feeling bad for violating personal morals

Question 30

Four Disengagement Domains

Answer 30

1) Reconstructing immoral behavior 2) Obscuring Personal responsibility 3) Misrepresenting injurious consequences 4) Blaming the victim

Question 31

Deindividuation Theory

Answer 31

People feel more confident in crowds explaining collective violence

Question 32

Bystander effect

Answer 32

when a bystander will ignore a victim in public from fear of harm or risk of getting involved

Question 33

Milgram experiment

Answer 33

testing subjects obedience at risk of their own morals

Question 34

Agentic state

Answer 34

when people act on orders from someone else so they don't feel responsible