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Chapter 3 Cells Flashcards

(113 cards)

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0
Q

Human cells have 3 basic parts:

A

Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus

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1
Q

The study of cells

A

Cytology

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2
Q

What kind of bilateral is the plasma membrane?

A

Phospholipid

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3
Q

Plasma membrane structure

A

Dynamic fluid structure, is selectively permeable, seperated intercellular fluid (ICF) from extracellular fluid (ECF)

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4
Q

Membrane lipids

A

75% phospholipids
5% glycolipids
20% cholesterol

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5
Q

Phospholipids parts

A

Polar Hydrophilic phosphate heads and unipolar hydrophilic fatty acid tails

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6
Q

Define Glycolipids

A

Lipids with sugar groups, cell identification

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7
Q

Membrane proteins

A

Integral and peripheral proteins

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8
Q

Integral protiens

A

Firmly inserted in membrane, mostly transmembrane protiens

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9
Q

Peripheral protiens

A

Loosely attached to integral protiens

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10
Q

Define glycocalyx

A

Fuzzy stick “sugar covering” at cell surface (glycolipids and glycoproteins
Acts as biological market allowing cells to recognize eachother

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11
Q

Cell junctions

A

Tight junctions
Desmosomes
Gap junctions

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12
Q

Tight junction

A

Impermeable junctions that prevent molecules from passing through intercellular space, in lining of intestines

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13
Q

Desmosomes

A

Anchoring junctions to prevent desperation of cells and withhold mechanical stress

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14
Q

Gap junction

A

Communication junction that allow small molecules to pass from cell to cell, cardiac muscle & smooth muscle

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15
Q

Passive transport

A

Does not use ATP

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16
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of molecules down their concentration gradient

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17
Q

Different diffusions

A

Simple diffusion

Facilitied diffusion

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18
Q

Simple diffusion

A

diffusion of solutes through plasma membrane without using a channel or carrier

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19
Q

Speed of a molecule is determined by

A

Size and temp and concentration gradient

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20
Q

Carrier mediated

A

Sugars and amino acids are moved through membrane via protein carriers

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21
Q

Channel mediated

A

Ions and water are moved through membrane via protein channels

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22
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of a solvent through selectively permeable membrane, water moves from a solution with a higher concentration to a solution with lower concentration

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23
Q

Osmolarity

A

Measure of total concentration of solute particles in a solution

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24
Isotonic solution
Solution with same solute concentration as a cellular fluid
25
Hypertonic solution
Solution with higher solute concentration than cellular fluid
26
Hypertonic solution
Solution with lower solute concentration than cellular fluid
27
Cells lose water and shrink if exposed to a
Hypertonic solution
28
Cells gain water and swell if exposed to a
Hypotonic solution
29
Active processes
Uses ATP to move substances across membrane
30
Active transport
Both primary and secondary active transport uses solute pumps to move substances against a concentration gradient
31
Primary active transport
Energy used to transfer molecules is directly from ATP
32
Secondary active transport
Energy used to transport molecules is from energy stored in ionic gradients created by primary active transport
33
Vesicular transport
Uses membraneous sacs to transport particles, macromolecules, and fluids across the plasma membrane or within the cell
34
Endocytosis
Transport into the cell
35
Phagocytosis
Endocytosis in which large, solid materials are brought into the cell
36
Pinocytosis
Endocytosis in which a small volume of extra cellular fluid with dissolved solutes is taken into a cell
37
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Endocytosis in which specific substances bind to receptor protiens and are ingested
38
Membraneous sacs in vesicular transport
Vesicles
39
Transcytosis
Transport into, across, then out of cell
40
Vesicular trafficking
Transport from one area in the cell to another
41
Exocytosis
Transport out of cell
42
What does RMP stand for
Resting membrane potential
43
Resting membrane potential
A condition in which the inside of the cell membrane is negatively charged compared to the positively charged outside
44
The RMP ranges from
-50 to -100 mV
45
RMP is mainly determined by what
Concentration gradient of potassium
46
RMP is maintained by what
Active transport pumps
47
Major positive ion inside cell
Sodium
48
Major positive ion inside cell
Potassium
49
Cytoplasm
Cellular material between the cell membrane and the nucleus
50
Three major elements of cytoplasm
Cytolsol Organelles Inclusions
51
Cytolsol
Water with solutes (protien, salts, sugars)
52
Organelles
Metabolic machinery of cell; specialized function; membraneous or nonmembraneous
53
Inclusions
Vary with cell type; eg glycogen granules, pigments
54
Mitochondria
Membraneous organelles that produce most of the ATP for a cell via aerobic cellular respiration; contain their own DNA, RNA, and ribosomes, can do cell division
55
Ribosomes
Small granules consisting of ribosomal RNA and protien; site of protein synthesis
56
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Extensive system of tubes and membraneous throughout cytosol enclosing fluid filled cavities
57
Fluid filled cavities in ER
Cisterns
58
Rough ER
Has ribosomes that synthesis all protiens for secretion and all plasma membrane protiens
59
Smooth ER
Continuation of rough ER, looping network of tubules; no ribosomes; it's enzymes function in lipid and steroid synthesis and drug detoxification
60
Golgi apparatus
Series of membraneous sacs associated with membraneous vesicles
61
Golgi apparatus function
Modify, concentrates, and packages protiens and lipids made at ER
62
Peroxisomes
Membraneous sacs containing enzymes, detoxifies harmful substances
63
Lysosomes
Membraneous sacs containing digestive enzymes, digest warn out organelles, ingested bacteria, viruses, and toxins
64
Three types of cytoskeleton
Microfilaments Intermediate filaments Microtubules
65
Cytoskeleton
Series of rods and fibers that run throughout the cytosol, supporting cellular structures and aiding in cell movement
66
Microfilaments
Made from protien actin (also called actin filaments)
67
Intermediate filaments
Tough protien fibers constructed like ropes
68
Microtubules
Hollow tubes made from tubulins; form centrioles, cilia, and flagella
69
Centerosome
A region near the nucleus that functions to organize microtubules and the mitotic spindle
70
Centrioles
Small, barrel shaped organelles associated with the centrosome
71
Cilia
Whiplike extensions that move substances across body surfaces
72
Flagella
Long projections that move whole cells (sperm cell)
73
Microvilli
Finger like extensions of membrane that increase surface area
74
Nucleus
Largest organelle, contains DNA
75
Three regions of nucleus
Nuclear envelope, chromatin, nucleolus (ribosome factory)
76
One nucleus
Uninucleate
77
Several nuclei
Multinucleate
78
Zero nucleus
Anucleate
79
Meiosis
Cell division producing gametes (sperm cells)
80
Mitosis
Cell division producing identical daughter cells
81
Cell cycle
Series of changes a cell goes through from the time it is formed to the time it reproduces
82
Two main periods of the cell cycle
Interphase (g1, s, g2) and mitotic phase
83
DNA replication
Prior to cell divison the cell makes a copy of DNA. Each DNA molecule is composed of one old and one new strand
84
Cell divison
Mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase)
85
Cytokenenscus
Division of cytoplasm
86
Master blueprint for the structure of all protiens that the body synthesizes are found on the
DNA
87
Segment of DNA with blueprint for one polypeptide chain is called a
Gene
88
Protien synthesis occurs in 2 steps
Transcription | Translation
89
Transcription
DNA information is coded into mRNA (takes place in nucleolus)
90
Translation
mRNA is decided to assemble a protien (in cytoplasm)
91
Three major forms of RNA (ribonucleic acid)
mRNA tRNA rRNA
92
mRNA
Long nucleotide stands that defect the exact nucleotide sequence of DNA, provides a three base sequence that provides the genetic information needed for protien synthesis
93
tRNA
Short RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to the ribosomes, contains three based sequence complementary to mRNA
94
rRNA
Large and small subunits that combine to form ribosomes
95
In tRNA three based sequence
Anticodon
96
Three based sequence in mRNA
Codons
97
Each codon is specific for ___ amino acid
One
98
Aquaporins (AQPs)
Water moves through these channels
99
Hydrostatic pressure
The back pressure exerted by water against the membrane
100
Osmotic pressure
The tendency of the water to move into the cell by osmosis
101
Tonicity
The ability of a solution to change the shape or tone if cells by altering the cells internal water volume
102
Solute pumps
Move solutes
103
Symport system
In secondary active transport the two transported substances move in the same direction
104
Antiport system
In secondary active transport the two transported substances move in the opposite direction
105
Phagocytosis
Cell engulfs a large or solid material then digests it
106
All cells are
Polarized
107
Cell adhesion molecules (CAMS)
Embryonic development and wound repair and immunity
108
Ligands
Chemicals that bind specifically to plasma membrane receptors
109
Endomembrane system
System of organelles that work together to produce, grade, store, export biological molecules and degrade potentially harmful substances
110
Autolysis
When the cell digests itself
111
Chromatin is composed of
30% DNA 60% histone proteins 10% RNA
112
How is DNA made
Replication bubble forms, the older strand goes with the new and starts creating DNA, leading strand is synthesized continuously while the lagging strand is in segments

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