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pathophysiology > chapter 3: cellular adaptation, injury, and death > Flashcards

chapter 3: cellular adaptation, injury, and death Flashcards

1
Q

what are the different types of ADAPTIVE STRESS?

A
  • atrophy
  • hypertrophy
  • hyperplasia
  • metaplasia
  • dysplasia
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2
Q

what is atrophy?

A

cell size: decrease
tissue mass: decrease

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3
Q

what is hypertrophy?

A

individual cell size: increase
tissue mass: enlarged

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4
Q

what is hyperplasia?

A

cell number: increase
tissue mass: enlarged

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5
Q

what is metaplasia?

A

mature cell type is replaced by DIFFERENT cell type

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6
Q

what is dysplasia?

A

cells: shape + size vary
nuclei: large
mitosis rate: increased

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7
Q

what is intracellular accumulation?

A

buildup of substances that cells CANNOT use or eliminate

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8
Q

what causes intracellular accumulation of substances?

A
  • normal body substances
  • abnormal endogenous products
  • abnormal exogenous products
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9
Q

what are normal body substances?

A

synthesized rate EXCEEDS metabolism or removal
e.g. lipids, proteins, pigments (melanin, bilirubin)
results: fatty liver disease, jaundice, lipofuscin

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10
Q

what are abnormal endogenous products?

A

produced by INBORN ERRORS of metabolism (missing an important enzyme)
e.g. metabolic products (affects glycogen lipids metabolism)
results: tay sach’s disease

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11
Q

what are abnormal exogenous products?

A

ENVIRONMENTAL agents + PIGMENTS that CANNOT be broken down by cell
e.g. carbon (as coal dust), lead poisoning, tattoos

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12
Q

what is meant by abnormal endogenous/exogenous accumulation of intracellular substances?

A

abnormal endogenous: produced by abnormal synthesis/metabolism
abnormal exogenous: produced by environmental agents that cannot be broken down by the cell

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13
Q

what are the characteristics of dystrophic calcification?

A
  • normal calcium levels
  • microscopic deposits of calcium salts in injured tissue
  • deposits come from DEAD/DYING cells

leads to: advanced atherosclerosis, damaged heart valves, tb lesions

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14
Q

what are the characteristics of metastatic calcification?

A
  • location: normal tissue
  • cause: increased serum calcium levels (lung, kidney, bv’s –> abnormality in calcium metabolism)
  • hyperparathyroidism [in renal failure], bone destruction

leads to: immobilized patients, paget disease, cancer w/metastatic bone lesions

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15
Q

what causes cells to die?

A

damaging factor to cell is NOT removed
leads to: morphological changes > death

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16
Q

how does hypoxia cause cell death?

A

aerobic metabolism stops > less ATP produces
- Na+/K+ ATPase DECREASES > INCREASE intracellular Na+ > cells SWELL w/ water

anaerobic metabolism used > produces lactic acid
- acid damages cell membranes, intracellular structures, dna

17
Q

what is apoptosis?

A

programmed cell death
e.g. webbed fingers, stripping of inner lining of uterus during menstruation

18
Q

what is necrosis?

A

localized tissue death in organ/tissue (response to disease/injury)
e.g. gangrenous necrosis

19
Q

what are the types of necrosis?

A

liquefaction
coagulative
caseous

20
Q

what is liquefaction necrosis?

A

brain tissue dies, bacterial infection (leaves a whole)

21
Q

what is coagulative necrosis?

A

hypoxic injury leading to infractions > mi (i.e dead tissue replaced w/CT)

22
Q

what is caseous necrosis?

A

dead cell persists as a soft, cheese-like debris > tb

23
Q

what is gangrene?

A

when a considerable mass of tissue undergoes necrosis (coagulative necrosis develops in ischemic tissue)

24
Q

what is dry gangrene?

A

arterial blood supply: no
venous flow: yes (carries fluid out of tissue)

25
Q

how do you identify dry gangrene?

A
  • dry, shrinks, skin wrinkles, dark brown/black
  • clear line of demarcation
  • spreads slowly
  • confined to extremeties
26
Q

what is wet gangrene?

A

arterial blood supply: yes (fluid in tissue)
venous flow: no

27
Q

how do you identify wet gangrene?

A
  • cold, swollen, pulseless, moist, black
  • FOUL ODOR FROM BACTERIA
  • liquefaction
  • no line of demarcation
  • spreads rapidly
  • affects internal organs or extremeties
28
Q

what is gas gangrene?

A

bacterial infection, produces GAS in tissue; DEADLY

29
Q

how do you identify gas gangrene?

A
  • muscle cell death
  • massive spreading edema
  • rbc hemolysis
  • hemolytic anemia
  • hemoglobinemia
  • renal failure

pathophysiology (11 decks)

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