chapter 31: disorders of ventilation and gas exchange

Question 1

__ lines the thoracic wall and superior aspect of the diaphragm

Answer 1

parietal pleura

Question 2

__ covers the lungs

Answer 2

visceral pleura

Question 3

__ is the space between the two layers that contains a thing layer of serous fluid

Answer 3

pleural cavity

Question 4

__ must be matched

Answer 4

ventialtion-perfusion

Question 5

__ flow in and out the lungs must match with __ flow to the lungs

Answer 5

air; blood

Question 6

__ fluid in the pleural cavity

Answer 6

pleural effusion

Question 7

__ accumulation of serous fluid (yellowish fluid)

Answer 7

hydrothorax

Question 8

__ is seen in heart, renal, and liver failure

Answer 8

hydrothorax

Question 9

__ is an infection in the pleural cavity that produces pus

Answer 9

empyema

Question 10

__ comes from the lymphs and produces a milky white substance resulting from trauma and inflammation

Answer 10

chylothorax

Question 11

__ is blood in the pleural cavity that results from chest injury or surgery and requires drainage

Answer 11

hemothorax

Question 12

__ is a way to extract fluid from the lungs

Answer 12

thorocentesis

Question 13

__ air entering the pleural cavity

Answer 13

pneumothorax

Question 14

there is __ and __ pneumothorax

Answer 14

spontaneous; traumatic

Question 15

__ pneumothorax produces air-filled blisters on the lungs and ruptures. this leads to atelectasis (collapsed lung)

Answer 15

spontaneous

Question 16

__ pneumothorax is when air enters the pleural cavity through a wound on inhalation and cannot leave during exhalation

Answer 16

traumatic

Question 17

there are 2 types of traumatic pneumothorax: __ and __

Answer 17

open; tension

Question 18

__ pneumothorax can lead to atelectasis bc air moves into and out of an opening in the chest wall where the unaffected lung is decompressed by the heart (mediastinum flutter) and moves back during exhalation

Answer 18

open

Question 19

during inspiration, the unaffected lungs have a __(decreased/increased) amount of air due to mediastinum flutter

Answer 19

decreased

Question 20

__ pneumothorax is when air moves into the lungs from a puncture wound during inhalation, but does not move out during expiration due to a flap that closes. this causes a mediastinum shift during inhalation and exhalation.

Answer 20

tension

Question 21

tension pneumothorax can result in a decrease in venous and CO2 return bc of __

Answer 21

mediastinum shift

Question 22

__ of pneumothorax include:
increased rr
ipsilateral lung pain
asymmetry of chest during inspiration
decreased breath sounds on affected side

Answer 22

s/s

Question 23

to diagnose pneumothorax, you can use a(n) __, __, or __

Answer 23

x-ray; ct scan; ultrasound

Question 24

treatment for pneumothorax includes __ and __

Answer 24

small spontaneous (air reabsorbed on its own); need aspiration

Question 25

in __ there are periodic episodes of severe but reversible airway inflammation

Answer 25

asthma

Question 26

the bronchioles constrict, inflamed with edema, and increase thick mucus secretion occurs in __

Answer 26

asthma

Question 27

asthma causes __, __, __, __, and __

Answer 27

bronchospasm; mucus hypersecretion; airway edema; epithelial injury; airflow limitation

Question 28

asthma can be __

Answer 28

reversible

Question 29

the two types of asthma are __ and __

Answer 29

intrinsic; extrinsic

Question 30

__ (atopic) triggers type 1 hypersensitivity reaction (IgE mediated asthma)

Answer 30

extrinsic

Question 31

__ (intrinsic/extrinsic) asthma involves sensitized mast cells

Answer 31

extrinsic

Question 32

the early/acute phase response of extrinsic asthma ranges from __ (10-20mins/4-8hrs)

Answer 32

10 - 20 mins

Question 33

the late phase response of extrinsic asthma ranges from __ (10-20mins/4-8hrs)

Answer 33

4 -8 hours

Question 34

__ (non-atopic) asthma is triggered by respiratory infections, cold, exercise, and drugs

Answer 34

intrinsic

Question 35

cough, marked dyspnea, tight feeling in chest and agitation wheezing thick mucus is coughed up rapid breathing with use of accessory muscles tachycardia are __ of asthma

Answer 35

s/s

Question 36

treatment for asthma include: __ __ __ __ __

Answer 36

avoid the triggers; inhalers; glucocorticoid (reduces inflammation); leukotriene anatagonist (reduces inflammation); cromolyn sodium (decreases sensitivity of mast cells; used to prevent severity of future attacks but not to treat acute attacks bc histamine is released)

Question 37

people with severe/refractory asthma need a __ of medication for good asthma control or persistent symptoms

Answer 37

high

Question 38

people with severe or refractory asthma are more likely to __ from an asthma attack

Answer 38

die

Question 39

a group of chronic respiratory disorders resulting in progressive tissue destruction and obstruction of the air passages is called __

Answer 39

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Question 40

people with copd have __, __, and __

Answer 40

emphysema; chronic bronchitits; bronchiectasis

Question 41

copd can result in __ due to severe hypoxia and/or hypercapnia

Answer 41

respiratory failure

Question 42

copd can reuslt in __ (right side congestive heart failure due to lung disease)

Answer 42

cor pulmonale

Question 43

__ is an increase compliance to air flow bc of chronic or recurring expiratory obstruction

Answer 43

emphysema

Question 44

in emphysema, there is a __ of alveoli wall (decreases surface area), loss of __ (decreased gas exchange), and loss of __ (easy to get air in, but not out)

Answer 44

breakdown; pulmonary capillaries; elastic fibers

Question 45

__ increases neutrophil numbers which stimulates the release of __ that damages the alveoli by breaking down the elastic tissue

Answer 45

smoking; elastase

Question 46

dyspnea hyperventilation anorexia clubbed fingers with secondary polycythemia are all __ of emphysema

Answer 46

s/s

Question 47

__ obstruction of small airways and inflammation of the bronchi

Answer 47

chronic bronchitis

Question 48

chronic bronchitis is __ and progressive

Answer 48

irreversible

Question 49

__ has inflammation and obstruction, repeated infection, chronic coughing, and increased number of mucous cells

Answer 49

chronic bronchitis

Question 50

constant productive cough sob thick and purulent mucous secretion cough in the morning airway obstruction are all __ of chronic bronchitis

Answer 50

s/s

Question 51

__ is an autosomal recessive disorder that has a defective chloride channel and there is less na and water in the respiratory mucus

Answer 51

cystic fibrosis

Question 52

thick mucus of __ obstructs airways and pancreatic and biliary ducts

Answer 52

cystic fibrosis