Chapter 3: Cellular Form and Function Flashcards
(103 cards)
1
Q
What are the most essential points of the cell theory?
A
- All organisms are composed of cells and cell products
- The cell is the simplest structural and functional unit of life
- An organism’s structure and function are due to activities of cells
- Cells come from pre-existing cells
2
Q
What are the different kinds of cells in the body? SCCPSSDFF
A
Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
Polygonal
Stellate
Spheroidal
Discoidal
Fusiform
Fibrous
3
Q
What is the most useful unit of measurement for designating cell sizes?
A
micrometer
4
Q
Most human cells are about _______ to _______ micrometers wide
A
10 to 15
5
Q
For any given increase in diameter of a cell, _________ increases more than surface area.
A
volume
6
Q
Surface area of cell = _______of its diameter
A
square
7
Q
Volume of cell is proportional to _________ of its diameter.
A
cube
8
Q
Which microscope changed the view of the cell and allowed biologists to see a cell’s ultrastructure or fine detail that extends to molecular level?
A
Transmission electron microscope (TEM)
9
Q
Most important thing about a good microscope isn’t magnification but ___________. Why?
A
Resolution ; it reveals detail to distinguish small close-together objects.
10
Q
This microscope produces dramatic three-dimensional images at high magnification and resolution but can view only surface areas.
A
Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
11
Q
What are the major components of a cell? PCCOIC
A
Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Cytoskeleton
Organelles
Inclusions
Cytosol
12
Q
This major component of the cell defines the cell’s boundaries, is made of proteins and lipids, and composition can vary between regions of the cell.
A
Plasma membrane
13
Q
This major component of the cell contains organelles, cytoskeleton, inclusion, and intracellular fluid.
A
Cytoplasm
14
Q
Intracellular fluid is also called what?
A
Cytosol
15
Q
This is the fluid outside of the cell that can be either tissue fluid, blood plasma, lymph or cerebrospinal fluid.
A
Extracellular fluid (ECF)
16
Q
The plasma membrane contains what 2 faces?
A
Intracellular face- part of membrane that faces cytoplasm
Extracellular face- part of membrane that faces extracellular fluid.
17
Q
What percentage of the plasma membrane molecules are lipids?
A
98%
18
Q
The plasma membrane contains which 3 kinds of lipids?
A
Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Glycolipids
19
Q
These plasma membrane lipids make up 75% of the membrane, are arranged in a bilayer, have hydrophilic heads that face water, hydrophobic tails that face each other to avoid water, and drift laterally to keep membrane fluid
A
phospholipids
20
Q
This plasma membrane lipid makes up 20% of membrane lipids, holds phospholipids still and can stiffen the membrane.
A
Cholesterol
21
Q
These plasma membrane lipids make up 5% of membrane lipids, contribute to glycocalyx, and are the phospholipid with a short carbohydrate chain attached to head on extracellular face of cell.
A
Glycolipids
22
Q
Pertains to glycolipids, this is the carbohydrate coating on cell surface.
A
Glycocalyx
23
Q
Membrane proteins constitute what percent of molecules of cell?
A
2 %
24
Q
What are the two types of membrane proteins?
A
Transmembrane proteins
Peripheral Proteins
25
These membrane proteins pass completely through phospholipid bilayer protruding on both sides, have hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions, and most are glycoproteins.
Transmembrane proteins
26
These membrane proteins don't protrude into phospholipid bilayer but adhere to either inner or outer face of membrane.
Peripheral proteins
27
Inner face peripheral protein is usually attached to what?
Transmembrane protein
28
Function of membrane protein that bind chemical signal to trigger internal changes in cell.
Receptor
29
Function of membrane protein that catalyze reactions including digestion of molecules. Production of second messengers.
Enzyme
30
Function of membrane protein that allows hydrophilic solutes and water to pass through membrane.
Channel proteins
31
What are the five types of channel proteins? LGLVM
Leak channels- open
Gated channels- closed
Ligand-gated- chemical
Voltage-gated- electrical
Mechanically-gated- respond to stress on cell
32
Function of membrane protein that bind solutes and transfer across membrane. Name one kind and what does it do?
Carrier
Pump- consumes ATP
33
Function of membrane protein that uses glycoproteins to act as an identity tag
Cell identity markers
34
Function of membrane protein that mechanically links cells to another cell or to extracellular material.
Cell-adhesion molecules (CAMs)
35
These messengers help in triggering physiological changes within the cell by use of G proteins.
Second messengers
36
In second messenger example, G proteins are named for ATP-like chemical ___________ from which they get their energy.
Guanosine Triphosphate (GTP)
37
In second messenger example, G protein relays signals to which other membrane protein that removes two phosphate groups from ATP.
Adenylate cyclase
38
Adenylate cyclase removes 2 phosphate groups from ATP and converts it to ____________ which is known as what?
cyclic AMP (cAMP) ; second messenger
39
In second messenger situation, cyclic AMP activates cytoplasmic enzymes called ________ which add two phosphate groups to other cellular enzymes. Variety of physiological changes within the cell occur.
kinases
40
The fuzzy coat of the cell that is composed of carbohydrate moieties of membrane glycolipids and glycoproteins.
Glycocalyx
41
What are the different functions of the glycocalyx?
PIDTAFE
Protection
Immunity to Infection
Defense against cancer
Transplant compatibility
Adhesion to other cells
Fertilization
Embryonic development
42
Surface extensions of cells aid in what 3 things? AMS
Absorption
Movement
Sensory processes
43
These surface extensions serve to increase the cells surface area, mostly seen in cells specializing in absorption, brush border, some may have actin filaments that can milk absorbed contents into cell.
Microvilli
44
These extensions of cell surface are hair-like processes of 7-10 micrometers, some are nonmotile and some are motile, contain micotubles with 9 +2 structure and dynein arms.
Cilia
45
What causes movement of dynein arms in cilia?
Energy from ATP
46
In what areas are nonmotile cilia found in the body?
Inner ear- serve as balance
Retina- light detection
Nose- sensory cells
**serve as antenna for monitoring conditions
47
In what areas are motile cilia found?
respiratory tract
uterine tubes
ventricles of brain
ducts of testes
48
A hereditary disease in which cells make chloride pumps but fail to install them in plasma membrane.
cystic fibrosis
49
Only functional whiplike structure in humans, tail of sperm.
Flagellum
50
Continually changing extensions of the cell that can vary in shape and size. Amoebas, neutrophils and macrophages are examples of cells with these extensions.
Pseudopods
51
Plasma membranes are ____________ because they allow some things through but prevent others from passing.
Selectively permeable
52
What are the three types of membrane transport mechanisms?
Passive mechanisms
Active mechanisms
Carrier-mediated mechanisms
53
Membrane transport mechanism that requires no ATP and depends on molecular motion of particles for energy.
Passive mechanism
54
Passive mechanism is involved in what three processes?
Filtration
Diffusion
Osmosis
55
Membrane transport mechanism that consumes ATP
Active Mechanism
56
What are the 2 different types of transport in active mechanism?
Active transport
Vesicular transport
57
Membrane transport mechanism that uses a membrane protein to transport substances across the membrane.
Carrier-mediated mechanisms
58
A passive mechanism in which physical pressure forces fluid through a selectively permeable membrane. Example blood pressure forces fluid through gaps in the capillary wall.
Filtration
59
A passive mechanism process in which net movement of particles goes from a place of high concentration to a place of low concentration.
Simple diffusion
60
What are some factors that affect the rate of diffusion? TMSSP
Temperature
Molecular weight
Steepness of concentration gradient
Membrane surface area
Membrane permeability
61
A passive mechanism process that involves the net flow of water from one side of a selectively permeable membrane to other. Goes from area of high water to low water. Less solute to more solute.
Osmosis
62
In the process of osmosis, water passes more easily through channel proteins called what that are specialized for proteins.
Aquaporins
63
Osmotic imbalances underlie what things caused in the body?
Constipation, diarrhea, edema
64
Fluid pressure on the membrane is called ____________.
Hydrostatic pressure
65
Hydrostatic pressure required to stop osmosis; increases as nonpermeating solutes cannot pass through the membrane.
Osmotic pressure
66
Process of applying mechanical pressure to override osmotic pressure.
Reverse osmosis
67
Osmotic concentration; quantity of non permeating solutes per liter of solution
Osmolarity
68
The ability of a surrounding solution to affect fluid volume and pressure in a cell.
Tonicity
69
This solution has lower concentration of non permeating solutes than intracellular fluid. Causes cell to absorb water and swell
Hypotonic solution
70
This solution has higher concentration of non permeating solutes than intracellular fluid. Causes cells to shrivel.
Hypertonic solution
71
This solution causes no change in cell volume. Concentrations of solutes in ECF and ICF are the same
Isotonic solution
72
What is an example of an isotonic solution and what percentage is it at?
Normal saline 0.9%
73
Transport in which proteins in cell membrane carry solutes into or out of the cell.
Carrier-mediated transport
74
As the solute concentration rises, carrier transport increases as well but only up to a point. This is known as ___________. Transport levels off at rate called the ___________.
Saturation ; transport maximum
75
What are the three types of carriers? USA
uniport
symport
antiport
76
Type of carrier that can move two or. more solutes through a membrane at the same time through process called cotransport.
Symport
77
Type of carrier that can move two or more solutes in opposite directions through process called countertransport; example is sodium-potassium pump. 3 Sodium out, 2 potassium in
Antiport
78
What are the three mechanisms of carrier-mediated transport?
Facilitated diffusion
Primary active transport
Secondary active transport
79
Carrier mediated transport mechanism which carrier moves solute down its concentration gradient
Facilitated diffusion
80
Carrier mediated transport mechanism which carrier moves a substance through cell membrane up concentration gradient with energy from ATP
Primary active transport
81
Carrier mediated transport mechanism where carrier moves substance through membrane but only uses ATP indirectly. Example?
Secondary active transport ; sodium glucose transporter
82
This type of transport process moves large particles, droplets of fluid, or numerous molecules at once through membrane contained in bubble-like vesicles.
Vesicular transport
83
What are the three forms of endocytosis, when matter is brought into the cell? PPR
Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
84
Type of endocytosis that is considered "cell-eating" engulfs bacteria, dust, or cellular debris in a vesicle called a phagosome.
Phagocytosis
85
Type of endocytosis that is considered "cell drinking" which takes in droplets of ECF containing molecules of some use to the cell. Occurs in all human cells
Pinocytosis
86
Type of endocytosis in which particles bind to specific receptors on plasma membrane, pit forms, clathrin coated vesicle is created and directed to destination in cell.
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
87
Transport of material across a cell by transporting it on one side and releasing it on the other.
Transcytosis
88
Process in which a secretory vesicle in cell migrates to surface and docks on peripheral proteins of plasma membrane, proteins pull the membrane inward and create a dimple that eventually fuses with the visicle and allows to release contents. This process also replaces plasma membrane that has been removed previously.
Exocytosis
89
The clear viscous watery colloid within the cell that contains enzymes, other proteins, amino acids, ATP, electrolytes, dissolved gases, and metabolic wastes.
Cytosol
90
Part of the cell that is considered the network of microfilaments, intermediate fibers, and microtubules. Serves as structural support, determines cell shape, and organizes cell contents.
Cytoskeleton
91
The largest organelle of the cell that is 5 micrometers and contains cell's genetic makeup.
Nucleus
92
What is the double membrane around the nucleus called?
Nuclear envelope
93
What is the center of the nucleus called and what things are contained inside?
Nucleolus; chromatin (DNA and proteins) and nucleoplasm
94
This organelle literally means "little network" within the cytoplasm, contains channels called cisterns synthesizes steroids and other lipids, detoxifies alcohol and other drugs, and manufactures nearly all membranes of the cell.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
95
This endoplasmic reticulum is covered with ribosomes, continuous with cell membrane, produces phospholipids and proteins, synthesizes proteins.
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
96
This endoplasmic reticulum is not covered with ribosomes, is storage for calcium, synthesizes steroids and other lipids, detoxifies alcohol and other drugs.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
97
These small granules of protein and RNA are responsible for protein synthesis, they read coded genetic messages, found in nucleoli, cytosol, rough ER, and nuclear envelope.
Ribosomes
98
A system of membranous cisterns that synthesizes carbohydrates and modifies newly synthesized proteins. Contains vesicles as well.
Golgi complex
99
A package of enzymes bound by a membrane, digest proteins, nucleic acids, complex carbs, phospholipids, and other substances. Can digest surplus of cell organelles or can digest itself.
Lysosomes
100
These organelles resemble lysosomes but contain different enzymes. Produced by the endoplasmic reticulum. use molecular oxygen to oxidize organic molecules. Produce hydrogen peroxide
Peroxisomes
101
Hollow cylindrical organelles that dispose of surplus proteins, contain enzymes that breakdown tagged, targeted proteins into short peptides and amino acids.
Proteasomes
102
Organelle in cell that is specialized for synthesizing ATP. Principle function is being the "powerhouse" of the cell. Contains cristae (inner membrane) and matrix.
Mitochondria
103
A short cylindrical assembly of microtubules arranged in nine groups of three microtubules. Play important role in cell division, and form basal bodies of cilia and flagella.
Centrioles
