Chapter 5 The Human Tissues

Question 1

What are the four primary categories of tissue?

Answer 1

Epithelial
Connective
Nervous
Muscular tissue

Question 2

The study of tissues and how they are arranged into organs.

Answer 2

Histology or Microscopic Anatomy

Question 3

A group of similar cells and cell products that arise from the same region of the embryo and work together to perform a specific structural or physiological role in an organ.

Answer 3

Tissue

Question 4

This tissue is composed of layers of closely spaced cells that occur in sheets, cover organ surfaces, form glands, and serve for protection, secretion, and absorption.

Answer 4

Epithelial tissue

Question 5

What 4 areas in the body is epithelial tissue found?

Answer 5

epidermis
liver
inner lining of digestive tract
other glands

Question 6

This tissue usually has more matrix than cell volume, often specialized to support and protect organs and bind other tissues and organs to each other.

Answer 6

Connective tissue

Question 7

Which 5 areas in the body is connective tissue usually found?

Answer 7

tendons, ligaments, cartilage, bone, blood

Question 8

This is usually tissue containing excitable cells specialized for rapid transmission of coded information to other cells

Answer 8

Nervous tissue

Question 9

Which 3 areas in the body is nervous tissue usually found in?

Answer 9

Brain, spinal cord, nerves

Question 10

This tissue is composed of elongated, excitable muscle cells specialized for contraction.

Answer 10

muscular tissue

Question 11

In which areas of the body is muscular tissue found?

Answer 11

skeletal muscles, heart (cardiac muscle), walls of viscera (smooth muscle)

Question 12

The extracellular material that is composed of fibrous proteins and a clear gel known as ground substance, tissue fluid, extracellular fluid or interstitial fluid.

Answer 12

The matrix

Question 13

This is the medium from which all cells obtain their oxygen, nutrients, and other needs and which cells release their metabolic wastes, hormones, and other products.

Answer 13

The matrix

Question 14

The first tissues that give rise to all of the body’s mature tissues. Three strata.

Answer 14

Primary germ layers

Question 15

Which are the three primary germ layers?

Answer 15

ectoderm
endoderm
mesoderm

Question 16

This primary germ layer is the outer layer that gives rise to the epidermis and nervous system.

Answer 16

Ectoderm

Question 17

This innermost layer gives rise to the mucous membranes of the digestive and respiratory tracts, and digestive glands.

Answer 17

Endoderm

Question 18

The layer that lies between both ectoderm and endoderm and it contains loosely organized cells. Eventually turns into a gelatinous tissue called mesenchyme.

Answer 18

Mesoderm

Question 19

A gelatinous tissue that is composed of fine, wispy collagen fibers and branching mesenchymal cells that are embedded in ground substance.

Answer 19

Mesenchyme

Question 20

What are 6 functions of epithelial tissue? PSEAFS

Answer 20

Protection, Secretion, Excretion, Absorption, Filtration, Sensation

Question 21

Epithelia are avascular, have no blood vessels, so what supplies them with their blood and nutrients?

Answer 21

They usually lie on a layer of connective tissue which is vessel-rich. That is what they rely on for nutrients and waste removal.

Question 22

Between the epithelium and the connective tissue is a layer called __________ which contains collagen, glycoproteins, and other protein-carbohydrate complexes. Anchors epithelium to connective tissue, controls exchange of materials, and binds growth factors for epithelial development.

Answer 22

basement membrane

Question 23

Epithelia is classified into what 2 categories? Description

Answer 23

Simple epithelium- every cell anchored to basement membrane
Stratified epithelium- some cells rest on top of others, not all touching basement membrane.

Question 24

What are the 4 types of simple epithelia and their shape descriptions?

Answer 24

Simple squamous- thin scaly
Simple cuboidal- squarish, round
Simple columnar- tall narrow cells
Pseudostratified columnar- not all cells reach the surface

Question 25

Simple columnar epithelia and pseudostratified columnar have these wine-shaped cells that produce protective mucous coats over mucous membranes

Answer 25

Goblet cells

Question 26

What are the 4 types of stratified epithelia?

Answer 26

Stratified squamous Stratified cuboidal Stratified columnar Urothelium (transitional epithelium)

Question 27

What is the most widespread epithelium in the body? And what do they include?

Answer 27

Stratified squamous; mitotically active stem cells

Question 28

This type of stratified squamous epithelia is found in the epidermis and is covered with a layer of dead compressed cells that contain a protein and a water repellent glycolipid.

Answer 28

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelia

Question 29

These cells are found in keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. Are packed with durable protein keratin and coated with water-repellent glycolipid.

Answer 29

Keratinocytes

Question 30

This stratified squamous epithelia lacks the surface layers of the dead cells but still provides a surface that is abrasion resistant while also moist and slippery.

Answer 30

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelia

Question 31

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelia is seen in which areas of the body?

Answer 31

Tongue Esophogus Vagina Other internal membranes

Question 32

Stratified urothelium epithelia is usually found where?

Answer 32

Urinary tract

Question 33

Urothelium contains which type of cells that protect it from urine with its proteins called uroplakins.

Answer 33

umbrella cells

Question 34

What are the 4 different types of connective tissue? FASF

Answer 34

Fibrous tissue Adipose tissue Supportive tissue (cartilage/bone) Fluid Tissue (blood)

Question 35

What are the 8 different functions of connective tissue and which is the most important one? BSPIMSHT

Answer 35

Binding of Organs, Support, Physical Protection, Immune Protection, Movement, Storage, Heat Production, Transport ***Most important is binding of organs

Question 36

Which types of cells are usually found in fibrous connective tissue? FMLPMA

Answer 36

Fibroblasts Macrophages Leukocytes Plasma cells Mast cells Adipocytes (fat cells)

Question 37

What are the three types of protein fibers found in fibrous connective tissue?

Answer 37

Collagenous fibers Reticular Fibers Elastic Fibers

Question 38

These types of fibers found in connective tissue are tough, flexible, and resist stretching. Tendons, ligaments, and dermis of skin contain this type.

Answer 38

Collagenous fibers

Question 39

These types of fibers found in connective tissue are thin collagen fibers coated with glycoprotein and constitute part of basement membrane underlying epithelia.

Answer 39

Reticular fibers

Question 40

These types of fibers found in connective tissue are thinner than collagenous fibers, made of protein called Elastin coated with glycoprotein.

Answer 40

Elastic fibers

Question 41

In fibrous connective tissue, amid cells and fibers there is an empty space that contains a gelatinous to rubbery consistency resulting from 3 different large molecules that protects the cells from mechanical injury.

Answer 41

Ground substance

Question 42

This large molecule found in ground substance of fibrous connective tissue plays important role in regulating the water and electrolyte balance of tissues.

Answer 42

Glycosaminoglycan (GAG)

Question 43

This large molecule found in ground substance of fibrous connective tissue is shaped like bottle brush with a central core of protein. It helps to create strong structural bond between cells and extracellular macromolecules to hold tissues together.

Answer 43

Proteoglycan

Question 44

This large molecule found in ground substance of fibrous connective tissue bind components of tissue together and mark paths that guide migrating embryonic cells to their destination in tissue

Answer 44

Adhesive glycoproteins

Question 45

Fibrous connective tissue is divided into what 2 categories?

Answer 45

Loose connective tissue Dense connective tissue

Question 46

This type of connective tissue contains more ground substance. Most of the space is occupied by ground substance and two types are areolar and reticular.

Answer 46

Loose connective tissue

Question 47

This type of connective tissue fibers occupies more space than the cells and ground substance. Appears closely packed in tissue sections. Includes two types: dense regular and dense irregular.

Answer 47

Dense connective tissue

Question 48

The type of tissue in which adipocytes are the dominant cell type and the space between the adipocytes is occupied by areolar tissue, reticular tissue, and blood capillaries.

Answer 48

Adipose tissue

Question 49

Type of adipose tissue that is most abundant and most significant in adult body. Provides thermal regulation, anchors and cushions such as eyeballs and kidneys, and contributes to female figure. Secretes hormones to help regulate body metabolism.

Answer 49

White adipose tissue (WAT)

Question 50

Type of adipose tissue that is heat-generating and found mainly in fetuses, infants, and children. Adults have lesser deposits. Gets its color from a high-density of blood capillaries, more mitochondria, and iron-containing enzymes in mitochondria.

Answer 50

Brown adipose tissue (BAT)

Question 51

The connections between cells that enable them to resist stress, communicate with each other, and control movement of substances through tissues.

Answer 51

Cellular junctions

Question 52

A patch that holds cells together like the snap on a pair of jeans. Can't prevent substances from passing around them and going between cells but keeps cells from pulling apart and enable a tissue to resist mechanical stress.

Answer 52

Desmosomes

Question 53

A cell or organ that secretes substances for use elsewhere in the body or for elimination as waste.

Answer 53

A gland

Question 54

What are the products of glands and what do they do?

Answer 54

Secretions (useful for the body) excretion (a waste product)

Question 55

These glands usually maintain their contact with the surface by way of a duct, and epithelial tube that secretes to surface.

Answer 55

Exocrine glands

Question 56

What are some examples of exocrine glands?

Answer 56

Sweat glands mammary glands tear glands salivary glands liver pancreas

Question 57

These glands lose contact with the surface during their development and thus have no ducts but have blood capillaries and they secrete their products directly to the blood.

Answer 57

Endocrine glands

Question 58

What do endocrine glands secrete and what are some examples of these glands

Answer 58

hormones; pituitary gland thyroid gland adrenal gland

Question 59

What are three different types of glands depending on their secretions?

Answer 59

serous glands mucous glands mixed glands

Question 60

These glands produce a thin, watery fluid like sweat, milk, tears, and digestive juices.

Answer 60

Serous glands

Question 61

These glands are found in the oral and nasal cavities and they secrete a glycoprotein called mucin.

Answer 61

Mucous glands

Question 62

These glands contain both serous and mucous cells and produce a mixture of two different types of secretions.

Answer 62

Mixed glands

Question 63

Exocrine glands have different modes of secretion. What are the 3?

Answer 63

eccrine gland apocrine gland holocrine gland

Question 64

This mode of secretion of exocrine gland releases their products by means of exocytosis and it is also called merocrine.

Answer 64

Eccrine gland

Question 65

This mode of secretion of exocrine gland involves lipids that coalesce from cytosol into a droplet that buds from cell surface, covered by a layer of plasma membrane and a thin film of cytosol.

Answer 65

Apocrine gland

Question 66

This mode of secretion of exocrine gland in which cells accumulate a product and then the entire cell disintegrates becoming the secretion instead of releasing one.

Answer 66

Holocrine gland

Question 67

What is the largest membrane of the body that consists of stratified squamous epithelium resting on layer of connective tissue?

Answer 67

Cutaneous membrane

Question 68

The two principal kinds of internal membranes ?

Answer 68

Mucous membrane (mucosae) Serous membrane (serosa)

Question 69

This internal membrane is composed of simple squamous epithelia resting on thin layer of areolar connective tissue. Produces serous fluid that arises from blood.

Answer 69

Serous membrane

Question 70

Examples of serous membranes

Answer 70

pleurae pericardium peritoneum

Question 71

This internal membrane consists of 3 layers, lines passages that open to the exterior environment.

Answer 71

Mucous membranes

Question 72

Examples of where mucous membranes are found

Answer 72

digestive tract respiratory tract urinary tract reproductive tract

Question 73

Tissue growth through cell multiplication. Most embryonic and childhood growth.

Answer 73

Hyperplasia

Question 74

This is the enlargement of preexisting cells. Can happen in muscle growth through exercise and accumulation of body fat.

Answer 74

Hypertrophy

Question 75

The development of a tumor composed of abnormal or nonfunctional tissue.

Answer 75

Neoplasia

Question 76

The development of a more specialized form and function of tissue from an unspecialized one. Example is how mesenchyme turns into cartilage and bone.

Answer 76

Differentiation

Question 77

When tissues change from one type of mature tissue to another?

Answer 77

Metaplasia

Question 78

Give an example of metaplasia.

Answer 78

Simple cuboidal tissue of vagina turns into stratified squamous epithelia after puberty to be better adapted to the future demands of intercourse and childbirth.

Question 79

Undifferentiated cells that are not yet performing any specialized function but have potential to differentiate into one or more types of mature functional cells.

Answer 79

Stem cells

Question 80

Ability of a stem cell to give rise to a diversity of mature cell types.

Answer 80

Developmental plasticity

Question 81

What are the two types of stems cells?

Answer 81

Embryonic stem cells Adult stem cells

Question 82

This type of stem cells form the early human embryo and are called totipotent because they have unlimited developmental plasticity.

Answer 82

Embryonic stem cells

Question 83

These embryonic stem cells form cells of inner cell mass of embryo an develop into any cell type of embryo just not accessory organs.

Answer 83

Pluripotent stem cells

Question 84

These stem cells occur in small numbers in mature organs and tissues throughout a person's life. Some are unipotent and some are multipotent.

Answer 84

Adult stem cells

Question 85

Damaged tissues can be repaired in which two ways?

Answer 85

Regeneration Fibrosis

Question 86

Tissue repair that is the replacement of dead or damaged cells by the same type of cells as before; restores normal function to the organ.

Answer 86

Regeneration

Question 87

Tissue repair that is the replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue composed mainly of collagen produced by fibroblasts. Doesn't restore normal function.

Answer 87

Fibrosis

Question 88

The shrinkage of a tissue through a loss in cell size or number. results from normal aging and lack of use of an organ. Muscles that are not exercised exhibit this.

Answer 88

Atrophy

Question 89

Pathological tissue death due to trauma, toxins, infection. Two types are infarction and gangrene.

Answer 89

Necrosis

Question 90

Type of necrosis where it is a sudden death of tissue such as cardiac muscle or brain tissue.

Answer 90

Infarction

Question 91

Type of necrosis resulting from infection or an obstructed blood supply. Usually occurs in people with diabetes, especially in feet.

Answer 91

Gangrene

Question 92

A form of dry gangrene that occurs when immobilized persons are unable to move and continual pressure on the skin cuts off blood flow to an area.

Answer 92

Decubitus ulcer (bed sore or pressure sore)

Question 93

Programmed cell death that is the normal death of cells that have completed their function and best serve the body by dying and getting out of the way.

Answer 93

Apoptosis