Chapter 6: The Integumentary System

Question 1

This system consists of the skin, hair, nails, and their associated glands, also is the body’s largest and heaviest organ.

Answer 1

Integumentary system

Question 2

What are the two layers of the skin?

Answer 2

Epidermis- stratified squamous epithelial
Dermis- connective tissue layer

Question 3

How thick is the skin?

Answer 3

1 to 2 mm thick

Question 4

This type of skin is about 0.5mm thick due to a very thick surface layer of stratum corneum, has sweat glands, no hair follicles, or oil glands. Covers palms, soles, and corresponding surfaces of the fingers and toes.

Answer 4

Thick skin

Question 5

This type of skin has an epidermis of about 0.1 mm thick, thin stratum corneum, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands.

Answer 5

Thin skin

Question 6

What are the six different functions of the skin? RBVSTN

Answer 6

Resistance to trauma and infection
Barrier functions (water and UV rays)
Vitamin D synthesis
Sensation
Thermoregulation
Nonverbal communication

Question 7

The skin can resist trauma because epidermal cells are packed with tough protein ________ and linked by strong desmosomes that give this epithelium its durability.

Answer 7

keratin

Question 8

The skin has a few barrier functions however it does not keep out __________.

Answer 8

heavy metals

Question 9

This layer of the skin is keratinized stratified squamous epithelium; the surface consists of dead cells packed with tough protein keratin.

Answer 9

Epidermis

Question 10

Cells can only be keratinized after what?

Answer 10

After death

Question 11

The epidermis is composed of which 5 types of cells? KSMTD

Answer 11

Keratinocytes
Stem cells
Melanocytes
Tactile cells
Dendritic cells

Question 12

These cells make up great majority of epidermal cells, they synthesize keratin.

Answer 12

Keratinocytes

Question 13

These cells of epidermis are undifferentiated, divide and give rise to keratinocytes. Found in deepest layer called stratum basale.

Answer 13

Stem cells

Question 14

These cells of the epidermis synthesize varieties of the pigment melanin.

Answer 14

Melanocytes

Question 15

These cells of the epidermis are receptors for touch and are associated with an underlying dermal nerve fiber.

Answer 15

Tactile cells

Question 16

These cells of the epidermis are found in two layers of the epidermis. They are immune cells that stand guard against toxins, microbes, and other pathogens that penetrate into the skin.

Answer 16

Dendritic cells

Question 17

What are the 5 layers (strata) of the epidermis? BSGLC

Answer 17

stratum Basale
stratum spinosum
stratum granulosum
stratum lucidum
stratum corneum

Question 18

Strata of epidermis that consists mainly of single layer of cuboidal to low columnar keratinocytes resting on basement membrane. Melanocytes, tactile cells, and stem cells scattered here too.

Answer 18

stratum basale

Question 19

Strata of epidermis that consists of layers of keratinocytes, in most places of skin it is the thickest stratum, dendritic cells are also found here.

Answer 19

stratum spinosum

Question 20

strata of epidermis that consists of 3-5 layers of flat keratinocytes, contain coarse dark-staining keratohyalin granules

Answer 20

stratum granulosum

Question 21

strata of epidermis that exists only in thick skin (hands/feet). Keratinocytes densely packed with a clear protein named eleidin.

Answer 21

stratum lucidum

Question 22

strata of epidermis that consists of up to 30 layers of dead, scaly, keratinized cells that form durable surface layer. Resistant to abrasion, penetration, and water loss

Answer 22

stratum corneum

Question 23

Connective tissue layer of the skin that is composed mainly of collagen but also contains elastic and reticular fibers, fibroblasts, and others.

Answer 23

Dermis

Question 24

What are the two zones of the dermis?

Answer 24

papillary layer
reticular layer

Question 25

This is a thin zone of areolar tissue in the dermis that allows for mobility of leukocytes and other defenses against organisms introduced through breaks in the epidermis. Rich in blood vessels.

Answer 25

Papillary layer

Question 26

This is a zone of the dermis that is deeper and much thicker. consists of dense irregular connective tissue ; more fibrous than cellular; and tougher than papillary layer.

Answer 26

Reticular layer

Question 27

Layer beneath the skin that has more areolar and adipose tissue. Pads the body and binds the skin to underlying tissues.

Answer 27

Hypodermis

Question 28

Variations in skin and hair color mainly arise from variations in ________.

Answer 28

Melanin

Question 29

What are the 2 classes of integumentary melanin?

Answer 29

eumelanin- dark pheomelanin- lighter reddish, yellow

Question 30

A blue or gray hue of the skin and mucous membranes resulting from a deficiency of oxygen in the circulating blood. Most visible in areas such as lips and oral mucosa, tongue, palms, and fingernails.

Answer 30

Cyanosis

Question 31

Abnormal redness of the skin which is a common sign for infection and inflammation.

Answer 31

Erythema

Question 32

A pale or ashen color that occurs when there is little blood flow through the skin or blood oxygen level is so low that white of the dermal collagen shows through. Results from emotional stress, low BP, circulatory shock, cold temps or severe anemia.

Answer 32

Pallor

Question 33

A genetic lack of melanin that usually results in milky white hair and skin, and blue-gray eyes. People with this inherited a recessive, nonfunctional tyrosinase allele from both parents.

Answer 33

Albinism

Question 34

The yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes resulting from high levels of bilirubin in the blood. Bilirubin is a hemoglobin breakdown product that is not being properly excreted by liver and ends up getting accumulated.

Answer 34

Jaundice

Question 35

A bruise , a mass of clotted blood showing through the skin, usually due to accidental trauma or can be hemophilia, nutritional disorders, or physical abuse.

Answer 35

Hematoma

Question 36

What are 5 different types of skin markings? RFFMB

Answer 36

friction ridges flexion lines freckles mole birthmarks (hemangiomas)

Question 37

What are the 3 different kinds of hair? DVT

Answer 37

Downy hair Vellus hair Terminal hair

Question 38

Fine, unpigmented hair that appears on fetus in last 3 months of development.

Answer 38

Downy hair (lanugo)

Question 39

Fine, pale hair that is replaced at the time of birth.

Answer 39

Vellus hair

Question 40

This type of hair is longer, coarser, and usually more heavily pigmented. Forms eyebrows, eyelashes, and covers the scalp. After puberty it forms the axillary and pubic hair, all facial hair, and some hair on trunk and limbs.

Answer 40

Terminal hair

Question 41

What are the 5 different kinds of glands in the skin? EASCM

Answer 41

Eccrine sweat glands Apocrine sweat glands Sebaceous glands Ceruminous glands Mammary glands

Question 42

What are the two types of sweat glands?

Answer 42

Apocrine Eccrine

Question 43

These sweat glands are scent glands that respond to stress and sexual stimulation. Secrete sex pheromones. Not active until puberty and found in groin, anal region, areola, beard area in males.

Answer 43

Apocrine sweat glands

Question 44

These sweat glands are widely distributed over the entire body but especially abundant on the palms, soles, and forehead.

Answer 44

Eccrine sweat glands

Question 45

These glands produce an oily secretion called sebum, flask-shaped with short ducts that usually open into hair follicle. Sebum keeps skin and hair from becoming dry and brittle.

Answer 45

Sebaceous glands

Question 46

These glands are the milk-producing glands that develop within the female breast during pregnancy and lactation. They are modified apocrine sweat glands that produce richer secretion.

Answer 46

mammary glands

Question 47

What are the 3 different types of skin cancer?

Answer 47

Basal cell carcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma Melanoma

Question 48

Most common type of skin cancer and the least dangerous. Can disfigure the face if neglected. Arises from cells of the stratum basale and invades the dermis.

Answer 48

Basal cell carcinoma

Question 49

This skin cancer is common and can be dangerous. Arises from keratinocytes in stratum spinosum. Lesions usually appear on the scalp, ears, lower lip, or back of hand. If goes unnoticed, cancer tends to metastasize to the lymph nodes and can be lethal.

Answer 49

Squamous cell carcinoma

Question 50

This type of skin cancer is least common and most dangerous. Can be treated surgically if caught early. Avg patient only lives up to 6 months after diagnosis. Arises from melanocytes in stratum basale.

Answer 50

Melanoma

Question 51

Burn deaths result primarily from what 3 things? FIT

Answer 51

Fluid loss Infection Toxic effects of burned, dead tissue

Question 52

Burns are classified by depth of __________.

Answer 52

Tissue involvement

Question 53

This type of burn involves only the epidermis and marked by redness, slight edema, and pain. Usually seen with sunburns

Answer 53

First-degree burn

Question 54

This type of burn involves the epidermis and part of the dermis. May be red, tan or white and blistered, very painful. May take two weeks to several months to heal and leaves scars.

Answer 54

Second-degree burn

Question 55

This type of burn is leading cause of accidental death. The epidermis, all of dermis, and some deeper tissues like muscle and bone are destroyed.

Answer 55

Third-degree burn

Question 56

What is the greatest concern with severe burns?

Answer 56

Fluid loss

Question 57

First-degree burns and second-degree burns are also called __________.

Answer 57

Partial-thickness burns

Question 58

Ultraviolet radiation is divided into 2 wavelength ranges _____ and ________

Answer 58

UVA; UVB

Question 59

This is considered "tanning rays" have longer wavelength (320-400nm) and lower energy.

Answer 59

UVA

Question 60

This is considered "burning rays" they have shorter wavelength (290-320nm) and a higher energy level.

Answer 60

UVB

Question 61

What does SPF stand for

Answer 61

Sun Protection Factor