chapter 3 - class notes Flashcards
(104 cards)
1
Q
what would cause someone to become a serial killer
A
lower activity levels n prefrontal cortex, corpus collosum, posterior parietal cortex and left hemisphere (rational side) of murderers brains (shown in study of 41 murderers/ 41 control participants)
2
Q
Prefrontal cortex
A
impulse control
3
Q
Left hemisphere
A
more rational hemisphere of the brain
4
Q
Developmental complications such as vigorous shaking, fetal alcohol syndrome, complications during child birth can cause damage that
A
makes a person more prone to impulse control problems
5
Q
People who had both
1) A history of rejection from their mother and
2) Experienced complications during childbirth
Were
A
2 times more likely to commit a crime than people who only experienced complications during childbirth
6
Q
Very commonly, violent offenders are
A
victims of abuse and or developmental complications that cause permanent brain damage
7
Q
Genes –
A
located in all cells in body in nucleus in of cell body
Genes are composed of deoxyribonucleic acid (“DNA”)
8
Q
located in all cells in body in nucleus in of cell body
Genes are composed of deoxyribonucleic acid (“DNA”)
A
Genes –
9
Q
composed of deoxyribonucleic acid (“DNA”)
A
genes
10
Q
deoxyribonucleic acid
A
dna
11
Q
dna
A
deoxyribonucleic acid
12
Q
Genotype
A
the specific combination that form an individuals dna
13
Q
the specific combination that form an individuals dna
A
Genotype
14
Q
Phenotype
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the physical or behavioural traits that an individual possesses
15
Q
the physical or behavioural traits that an individual possesses
A
Phenotype
16
Q
Behavioural genomics
A
the field devoted to investigating how a persons genetic code influences their psychological traits
17
Q
the field devoted to investigating how a persons genetic code influences their psychological traits
A
Behavioural genomics
18
Q
Behavioural genetics
A
the field devoted to investigating the extent that genes vs a persons environment contribute to particular psychological traits
19
Q
the field devoted to investigating the extent that genes vs a persons environment contribute to particular psychological traits
A
Behavioural genetics
20
Q
-identical vs fraternal twins
A
Identical: 1 egg 1 sperm, same placenta, separate amniotic
Fraternal: 2 eggs 2 sperms, separate placentas, separate amniotic sacs
21
Q
Identical
A
1 egg 1 sperm, same placenta, separate amniotic
22
Q
Fraternal
A
2 eggs 2 sperms, separate placentas, separate amniotic sacs
23
Q
Heritability
A
a number between 0 and 1.0 that represents the proportion of differences in a trait across individuals that is caused by genetic influences …(the closer to one, the more differences on a particular trait)
24
Q
a number between 0 and 1.0 that represents the proportion of differences in a trait across individuals that is caused by genetic influences …(the closer to one, the more differences on a particular trait)
A
Heritability
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Methods of behavioural genetics: adoption studies
Shared genes from biological parents….. shared environment from adoptive parents. Traits can come from genetics or environment
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traits can come from
genetics or environment
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Monozygotic
fraternal
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fraternal
Monozygotic
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Dizygotic
identical
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identical
Dizygotic
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The structure of neurons
cell body (sona), dendrites=small branches off of cell bosy – get messages from other cells and transfer info to “axon hillock” (base of cell body) – nerve impulses to axon terminals.. when neuron is stimulated, small pores called ion channels open up on the neuron allowing positive ions to come in and change the charge.. neuron will fire (action potential) when enough protons reach axon hillock, continue down to the axon terminals as electrical charge
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sona
cell body
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dendrites
small branches off of cell body get messages from other cells and transfer info to “axon hillock” (base of cell body) – nerve impulses to axon terminals
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small branches off of cell body
dendrites
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when neuron is stimulated,
small pores called ion channels open up on the neuron allowing positive ions to come in and change the charge.. neuron will fire (action potential) when enough protons reach axon hillock, continue down to the axon terminals as electrical charge
36
glial cells?
– provide nutrients to neurons, outnumber neurons10 to 1, some produce a fat substance that allows neurons to send messages faster and with greater efficiency (myelin)
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synapse -- synaptic cleft
area between two neurons, neurotransmitters go between them, one releasing receptors is presynaptic cell, cell that is receiving the message is a postsynaptic cell
-particular neuro transmitter only relates to a certain neuro receptor
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The endocrine system
- Delivers hormones to modify physiological processes and maintain body homeostasis
Stimulates production of hormones such as cortisol and epinephrine that generate arousal responses
Axon carries neural messages from cell body to end of the neuron
Neurotransmitters and hormones are the bodys chemical messengers
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central nervous system
brain and spinal cord,
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peripheral nervous system
peripheral has two subdivisions.
1) Somatic nervous system – consists of nerves that control the muscle and other that receive signal from sensory organs
2) Autonomic nervous system – consists of the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system
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1) Somatic nervous system
consists of nerves that control the muscle and other that receive signal from sensory organs part of peripheral ns
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consists of nerves that control the muscle and other that receive signal from sensory organs --- part of peripheral
1) Somatic nervous system
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2) Autonomic nervous system
consists of the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system - part of peripheral nervous system
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consists of the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system - part of peripheral nervous system
2) Autonomic nervous system
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Sympathetic nervous system
generates heightened arousal to prepare the body to respond to threats
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Parasympathetic nervous system
maintains balance in body systems when there is no need to respond to a threat and suppresses arousal responses after a state of heightened arousal
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parts of brain
hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain
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hindbrain
- bottom of the brain – above spinal cord
| - composed of medulla and pons
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- bottom of the brain – above spinal cord
| - composed of medulla and pons
hindbrain
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Medulla
regulates breathing heartrate sneezing, salivating, vomiting - part of hindbrain
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regulates breathing heartrate sneezing, salivating, vomiting - part of hindbrain
Medulla
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pons
sleeping/waking, cycle – balance, eye movements, swallowing - part of hindbrain
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sleeping/waking, cycle – balance, eye movements, swallowing - part of hindbrain
pons
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Reticular activating system
- Important for alertness, waking, sleeping
| - Cerebellum – coordinating movements – balance, attention, emotional responces - part of hindbrain
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- Important for alertness, waking, sleeping
| - Cerebellum – coordinating movements – balance, attention, emotional responces - part of hindbrain
Reticular activating system
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midbrain
Superior colliculus -orientating, response to sudden presence of visual stimulus
Inferior colliculus – orientating attention to the sudden occurrence of a sound
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Superior colliculus -orientating, response to sudden presence of visual stimulus
Inferior colliculus – orientating attention to the sudden occurrence of a sound
midbrain
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Superior colliculus
part of midbrain
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orientating, response to sudden presence of visual stimulus - part of midbrain
Superior colliculus
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Inferior colliculus
orientating attention to the sudden occurrence of a sound - part of midbrain
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orientating attention to the sudden occurrence of a sound - part of midbrain
Inferior colliculus
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Forebrain
ventricles filled with cerebrospinal fluid
-cerebrospinal fluid – performs waste removal and nutrient providing functions
Basal ganglia – engaging planned physical movements learning motor skills, integrating sensory info, physical movements, reward systems of the brain
Nucleus accumbens – works with basal gangalia to generate pleasurable experiences
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ventricles filled with cerebrospinal fluid
-cerebrospinal fluid – performs waste removal and nutrient providing functions
Basal ganglia – engaging planned physical movements learning motor skills, integrating sensory info, physical movements, reward systems of the brain
Nucleus accumbens – works with basal gangalia to generate pleasurable experiences
forebrain
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cerebrospinal fluid
performs waste removal and nutrient providing functions – part of forebrain
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performs waste removal and nutrient providing functions – part of forebrain
cerebrospinal fluid
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Basal ganglia
engaging planned physical movements learning motor skills, integrating sensory info, physical movements, reward systems of the brain– part of forebrain
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engaging planned physical movements learning motor skills, integrating sensory info, physical movements, reward systems of the brain– part of forebrain
Basal ganglia
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Nucleus accumbens
works with basal gangalia to generate pleasurable experiences– part of forebrain
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works with basal gangalia to generate pleasurable experiences– part of forebrain
Nucleus accumbens
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Limbic system
Amygdala –controls the creation of memory for emotional experiences and processing emotional content of stimuli
Hippocampus – key for creating new memories – damage can can cause amnesia
Hypothalamus – regulates body temperature, helps coordinate biological drives (ie sex and aggression) by controlling the release of hormones by the pituitary gland – orgasms for both genders depend on signals from this structures
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Amygdala –controls the creation of memory for emotional experiences and processing emotional content of stimuli
Hippocampus – key for creating new memories – damage can can cause amnesia
Hypothalamus – regulates body temperature, helps coordinate biological drives (ie sex and aggression) by controlling the release of hormones by the pituitary gland – orgasms for both genders depend on signals from this structures
Limbic system
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Amygdala
controls the creation of memory for emotional experiences and processing emotional content of stimuli – part of limbic system
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controls the creation of memory for emotional experiences and processing emotional content of stimuli – part of limbic system
Amygdala
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Hippocampus
key for creating new memories – damage can can cause amnesia– part of limbic system
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key for creating new memories – damage can can cause amnesia– part of limbic system
Hippocampus
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Hypothalamus
– regulates body temperature, helps coordinate biological drives (ie sex and aggression) by controlling the release of hormones by the pituitary gland – orgasms for both genders depend on signals from this structures– part of limbic system
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– regulates body temperature, helps coordinate biological drives (ie sex and aggression) by controlling the release of hormones by the pituitary gland – orgasms for both genders depend on signals from this structures– part of limbic system
Hypothalamus
78
4 lobes of cerebral cortex
Occipital
parietal
temporal
frontal
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Occipital lobes
early processing of visual information with direct connections from the regions of the that relay inputs from the eyes to our brain
-aka primary visual cortex
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early processing of visual information with direct connections from the regions of the that relay inputs from the eyes to our brain
-aka primary visual cortex
Occipital lobes
81
Parietal lobes
– receive info about visual world from the occipital lobes and use it to provide us with info for visually guided action -
-controls somatosensory cortex – controls sense of touch –
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– receive info about visual world from the occipital lobes and use it to provide us with info for visually guided action -
-controls somatosensory cortex – controls sense of touch –
Parietal lobes
83
Temporal lobes
front part essential for accessing general knowledge about the world
- receive input from occipital cortex and use them to provide info about the identity and meaning of visual stimuli
- -AKA primary auditory cortex – temporal contains the area for early processing of auditory information
- -near back of region called Wernicke’s area which controls speech comprehension
- -articulating spoken words – brocas area
84
front part essential for accessing general knowledge about the world
- receive input from occipital cortex and use them to provide info about the identity and meaning of visual stimuli
- -AKA primary auditory cortex – temporal contains the area for early processing of auditory information
- -near back of region called Wernicke’s area which controls speech comprehension
- -articulating spoken words – brocas area
Temporal lobes
85
articulating spoken words
brocas area
86
controls speech comprehension
Wernicke’s area
87
Frontal lobes
- executive control centre of the brain
- source of planning initiating actions in support of those plans, creative problem solving, language, production, and hosts our personalities
- controls supressing emotional responses when they are inappropriate for the context
- contains primary motor cortex (controls voluntary movements)
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- executive control centre of the brain
- source of planning initiating actions in support of those plans, creative problem solving, language, production, and hosts our personalities
- controls supressing emotional responses when they are inappropriate for the context
- contains primary motor cortex (controls voluntary movements)
Frontal lobes
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Corpus callosum
fibres that connect right and left cerebral hemispheres
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fibres that connect right and left cerebral hemispheres
Corpus callosum
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Neuroplasticity
brains capacity to change its structure as a consequence of experience and learning
92
brains capacity to change its structure as a consequence of experience and learning
Neuroplasticity
93
nieroscientific methods
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Lesioning
trans-cranial magnetic stimulation (tms)
Structural neuroimaging
Computerized tomography (CT) scan
Magnetic Resonance imaging (MRI
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94
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Lesioning
trans-cranial magnetic stimulation (tms)
Structural neuroimaging
Computerized tomography (CT) scan
Magnetic Resonance imaging (MRI
```
nieroscientific methods
95
Lesioning
causing brain damage in non-human animals and then measuring what effect the damage has on their behavior
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causing brain damage in non-human animals and then measuring what effect the damage has on their behavior
Lesioning
97
-trans-cranial magnetic stimulation (tms)
directing a magnetic pulse at an area of a person’s brain and seeing what affect that has on their mental functions
98
directing a magnetic pulse at an area of a person’s brain and seeing what affect that has on their mental functions
-trans-cranial magnetic stimulation (tms)
99
Structural neuroimaging
non-invasive technologies that provide information about the state of a brain structures
100
non-invasive technologies that provide information about the state of a brain structures
Structural neuroimaging
101
Computerized tomography (CT) scan
a set of xrays are taken of the brain by rotating a tube around the persons head
102
a set of xrays are taken of the brain by rotating a tube around the persons head
Computerized tomography (CT) scan
103
Magnetic Resonance imaging (MRI)
- a machine generates a magnetic field that brings hydrogen molecules in our brain into alignment – radio waves then get sent through the skull to disrupt this alignment
- when radio waves are turned off, energy is absorbed from the radio waves released when the hydrogen molecules become aligned by the magnetic field again
- different types of brain matter and the ventricles release different amounts of energy and alignment occurs at different speeds for different types of brain matter
- computers then use this info to create a quite detailed image of the interior structure of the brain
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- a machine generates a magnetic field that brings hydrogen molecules in our brain into alignment – radio waves then get sent through the skull to disrupt this alignment
- when radio waves are turned off, energy is absorbed from the radio waves released when the hydrogen molecules become aligned by the magnetic field again
- different types of brain matter and the ventricles release different amounts of energy and alignment occurs at different speeds for different types of brain matter
- computers then use this info to create a quite detailed image of the interior structure of the brain
Magnetic Resonance imaging (MRI)
