chapter 3 (Diana's version)

Question 1

external structures:
Glycocalyx (sugar coat) define some characteristics of it.

Answer 1

sugar coat, gelatinous sticky polymer , can be composed of polysaccharide or protein or even both

it is secreted from the prokaryote onto the outside of the cell wall

Question 2

what is it called when glycocalyx is only made of sugar?

Answer 2

it’s called extracellular polysaccharide

Question 3

define what capsule is.

Answer 3

when the substance of the glycoclayx is firmly attached to the cell wall

Question 4

define the slime layer.

Answer 4

slime layer is when glycoclayx is disorganized and loosely attach to the cell wall.

Question 5

is capsule an external structure?

Answer 5

yes, they contribute to an organisms virulence (ability to cause disease).

Question 6

capsules:
true or false.
capsules contribute to an organisms virulence (ability to cause a disease)

Answer 6

true

Question 7

what does capsule protect the organism from?

Answer 7

phagocytosis

Question 8

certain organisms such as ____ can only cause disease if they are encapsulated

Answer 8

bacillus anthracis

Question 9

Does the capsule also allows the organism to adhere to and colonize host cells

Answer 9

true

Question 10

Does the capsule also protects the bacterial cell against dehydration and holds nutrients inside of the cell?

Answer 10

true

Question 11

how does the capsules allow the bacterium to survive?

Answer 11

by attaching to different surfaces within the microbe’s environment

Question 12

some organism such as what? may use their capsule as an energy source, breaking down the sugars when energy sources are low.

Answer 12

streptococcus mutans

Question 13

now that we have one external structure establish, name another one that comes to your mind.

Answer 13

flagella

Question 14

where is flagella usually found?

Answer 14

it is usually found on some prokaryotic cells

Question 15

three terms to describe flagella

Answer 15

they are long, filamentous, and used for motility

Question 16

flagella is composed of three primary parts, what are they called?

Answer 16

filament, hook, and basal body

Question 17

among given primary parts of the flagella, give the definitions for each

Answer 17

filament= composed of the circular flagellin protein forming a helix around a hollow core, it is not also covered by sheath

hook= made of different protein than the flagella

basal body: anchors the flagellum to the plasma membrane and the cell wall

Question 18

flagellar proteins are used to differentiate in between strains of different bacteria

Answer 18

yes, that is true

Question 19

bacterial motility:
flagella
- give input on the rotations and movements.

Answer 19

flagella can rotate either clockwise or counterclockwise and the flagella movement depends on the energy production

Question 20

is a bacterium able to change direction and speed on it’s own?

Answer 20

yes, it can

Question 21

define run or swim

Answer 21

movement in one direction for a continous of time

Question 22

abrupt or random changes in direction are called what?

Answer 22

tumbles

Question 23

results when flagellum changes its direction

Answer 23

tumbles

Question 24

define what the term taxis mean , scientifically

Answer 24

being motile allows the bacterium to move away from dangerous environments and attract favourable environments.

Question 25

movement toward a chemical stimulus is called a ?

Answer 25

chemotaxis

Question 26

movement toward a light stimulus is called

Answer 26

phototaxis

Question 27

where are pili and fimbriae usually found?

Answer 27

gram negative

Question 28

this is not used for motility, unlike flagella, what could it be , in terms of bacteria

Answer 28

pili, and fimbriae

Question 29

define long characteristics of fimbriae, give an example

Answer 29

- enables the bacteria to adhere to surfaces and other bacterial cells -allow the bacterium to adhere to surfaces and colonize, without this bacteria colonization cannot occur and disease will not occur example : neisseria gonnorhea

Question 30

define pilus ( singular):

Answer 30

this is longer than fimbriae, only one or two per cell, these filaments join two bacterial cells in order to transfer DNA in between them in a process called conjugation.

Question 31

point out if anything is wrong, and explain why. If all is correct answer true or false. characteristics of the bacterial cell wall; - semi-regid, complex and semi-permeable -prevents cell rupture -provides the cell with its characteristics shape -important means of classifying bacteria -composed of the polysaccharide peptidoglycan

Answer 31

all true

Question 32

in peptidoglycan, what is polysaccharide composed of?

Answer 32

Polysaccharide composed of repeating disaccharides, Polysaccharide chains are layered on top of one another

Question 33

True or false. Polysaccharide chains are not linked together by short polypeptides

Answer 33

false,they are

Question 34

with previous knowledge, why is that the answer, why are polysaccharide link together?

Answer 34

- this creates lattice, and creates cell wall that is resistant to osmotic changes

Question 35

in peptidoglycan, what is the disaccharide unit composed of ?

Answer 35

it is composed of nag and nam

Question 36

what acid is ONLY found in gram positive organisms?

Answer 36

teichoic acids

Question 37

definition of gram positive cell wall.

Answer 37

gram positive cell wall, is thick layer of peptidoglycan that is outside the plasma membrane

Question 38

what are the two forms of teichoic acids

Answer 38

wall teichoic acids lipoteichoic acids

Question 39

define what the two forms of teichoic are.

Answer 39

wall teichoic acids= extend out from peptidoclycan lipoteicoic acids= connect the plasma membrane to the peptidoglycan

Question 40

gram positive, only have one membrane , what is it ?

Answer 40

plasma membrane

Question 41

thin peptidoglycan

Answer 41

gram negative cell

Question 42

what does gram negative bacteria contain ?

Answer 42

contain a plasma membrane and an outer membrane

Question 43

the outer membrane if gram negative cell contain what?

Answer 43

lipids (phospholipids) proteins lipopolsaccharide

Question 44

define the lipopolysaccharide, what does lipid contain and the polysaccharide portion?

Answer 44

lipopolysaccharide contain toxic, which is reffered to as endotoxin polysaccharide composed 0 sugars, used to distinguish gram negative organisms

Question 45

true or false. peptidoglycan is unique to bacteria, eukaryotes do not similar compound

Answer 45

true

Question 46

is peptidoglycan a common target for both host defenses and chemotherapies?

Answer 46

yes

Question 47

cytoplasm is not aqueous but thin, and semi-transparent?

Answer 47

false, it is thick and semi-transparent and it is also aqueous

Question 48

cytoplasm also contains the major cellular structures such as:

Answer 48

the nucleotid ribosomes inclusion bodies some bacteria may also have endospores within the cytoplasm

Question 49

what does plasmids do in the nucleotid?

Answer 49

these house non-essential genes which can help the bacterium to survive adverse conditions such as high antibiotic concentrations

Question 50

does ribosomes of pro and euk both function in protein synthesis?

Answer 50

yes, they both do.

Question 51

eukaryotic ribosomes are large and heavier, and we know this from previous knowledge, now tell me how many is the large subunit, and how many does small subunit?

Answer 51

large=60s and small=40s together it is 80s

Question 52

eukaryotic ribosomes are different and thus antibiotic that targets ribosomes will not cause harm to the host cells true or false. if true provide an example

Answer 52

streptomycin, and erythromycin

Question 53

what are the types of inclusion bodies important energy sources?

Answer 53

sulfure granules lipid inclusions enzymes polysaccharide granules

Question 54

can gram negative bacteria form endspores?

Answer 54

no

Question 55

name 2 examples, of spore forming bacteria

Answer 55

bacillus anthracis and clostridium botulinum

Question 56

protozoa.

Answer 56

are unicellular

Question 57

fungi

Answer 57

multicellular except yeasts

Question 58

algae

Answer 58

some are unicellular and some are multicellular

Question 59

how does prokaryotes move as a flagella and cilia?

Answer 59

they move in a corkscrew motion

Question 60

what is pili and fimbriae made-of and what are they used for ?

Answer 60

both are made up of protein, and they use for attachment

Question 61

what is capsule made of and name two things that can describe them.

Answer 61

they are made up of sugar (carbohydrates), because they are sticky and sugar.

Question 62

what type of protein are pili and fimbriae made up of?

Answer 62

they are made u of pilin protein

Question 63

Name what kind of transmission this is. Passing a biological daughter a gene ( for example, inheriting the same hair color), this can be seen as what example of transmission

Answer 63

vertical transmission

Question 64

passing a characteristic to a same group for example, a filament joining together to transfer a DNA in between them, what transmission could this must be?

Answer 64

this is called a horizon transmission

Question 65

why is bacterial cell wall rigid?

Answer 65

it's rigid because it has some strength

Question 66

why does bacterial cell wall protect the cell from environment?

Answer 66

because it's an outer layer, therefore it acts to protect from environmental changes

Question 67

what allows the bacterial cell wall to not burst?

Answer 67

the counterpressure allows the bacterial cell wall to not burst, at least not burst away, it gives u protection for expansion and cell rupture

Question 68

peptides bonds linking polysaccharide together makes it more ____

Answer 68

it makes it more rigid

Question 69

define this characteristics and define the term for it: this is a part of gram positive, it stands in the cell membrane so everything is structurally intact, it has integrity

Answer 69

lipoteichnoic acid

Question 70

true or false. Lipopolysaccharide is a big deal when it attaches to the cell, however it is not as threatening when it a systematic diagnostic.

Answer 70

false, a systematic is very life threatening however, being attach to a cell is not as threatening.

Question 71

how can you distinguish if it's a gram negative gram positive?

Answer 71

you can distinguish by the gram stain

Question 72

name the steps for gram stain

Answer 72

1) application of crystal violet 2) application of iodine 3) alcohol wash 4)application of safranin (counterstain)

Question 73

which takes longer to divide? eukaryotes or prokaryotes

Answer 73

eukaryotes are longer, since its more complex

Question 74

describe what diplococci, staphylococcus, and streptococcus mean

Answer 74

1. it's in pairs 2.looks like grapes (a bunch of them together) 3in chains

Question 75

true or false.Membrane bound organelles perform respiration, intracellular activities, vesicular transport (smooth endoplasmic reticulum)

Answer 75

true

Question 76

more of a _____= it's a helical and it's long they are very flexible, they causes syphilis

Answer 76

this is spirochette

Question 77

what does avirulent mean?

Answer 77

it means causes no disease

Question 78

it's such an important immune defense, removing dangerous things, he gets to stay in the capsule because he has a sugar layer

Answer 78

phagocytosis

Question 79

does all bacteria contain flagella?

Answer 79

false, not all bacteria contain flagella flagella are expensive, you have to build it, energy drain, they are mobile.

Question 80

in lophotrichous: we are aware that it is a two or more flagella at one or both ends of the cell, can they be at the top ONLY.

Answer 80

no, they can be at the top or the bottom

Question 81

why does gram negative and contain plasma membrane and an outer membrane?

Answer 81

because they have more space(they are thin) unlike gram positive they are thick

Question 82

why do you want to distinguish between gram negative and gram positive?

Answer 82

so we can distinguish which antibiotic to take

Question 83

what is the fluid inside the cytoplasm?

Answer 83

cytosol

Question 84

what does viscosity mean?

Answer 84

it means its very thick

Question 85

would an endospores ONLY be a gram positive or can it be gram negative as well?

Answer 85

it does not only have to be gram positive, it can also be a gram negative. However, ONLY a gram positive can form endospores

Question 86

what does cilia do in your lungs?

Answer 86

cilia acts as filter in your lungs

Question 87

this has attach to the cell, helps clear mucous when your infected

Answer 87

this is called cilia

Question 88

why do we have sterols and bacteria doesn't?

Answer 88

because we needs strong plasma membrane, so it helps from hot and cold stability and it makes it stronger since we do not have a cell wall