chapter 6 (microbial metabolism)

Question 1

define what metabolism is

Answer 1

metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions that take place in an organism
it can also be divided into two classes such as anabolic and catabolic

Question 2

reactions requiring energy

Answer 2

anabolic

Question 3

reactions generating energy

Answer 3

catabolic

Question 4

define anabolic

Answer 4

reactions requiring energy

Question 5

define catabolic

Answer 5

reactions generating energy

Question 6

what’s breaking down molecules and what’s building molecules?

Answer 6

anabolism (biosynthesis)
- the building of complex organic molecules from simpler ones
example : amino acids used to build proteins (energy consumed).

Catabolism:
- the breakdown of complex organic molecules into simpler one
example: proteins broken down into amino acids (energy released).

Question 7

explain one more time, in detailed what anabolism and catabolism is.

Answer 7

anabolism
- is the building complex organic molecules from simpler one (energy consumed)

Catabolism:
the breakdown of complex organic molecules into simpler one
(energy released)

Question 8

how is energy stored?

Answer 8

energy is stored in ATP (adenosine Tri-Phosphate)

Question 8

how is energy stored?

Answer 8

energy is stored in ATP (adenosine Tri-Phosphate)

Question 9

how is atp generated?

Answer 9

atp is generated using energy from catabolic reactions

Question 10

ATP.. High energy ____ is broken
and energy ___ is used as the ____ force for other reactions

give the following illustration

Answer 10

ATP——> ADP +P

bond, released, driving

Question 11

ATP has two key functions within the cell: fully describe it in detailed ( to test your understanding)

Answer 11

1. energy currency of the cell by releasing energy when hydrolyzed to ADP (powers cell metabolism)
   2.It may transfer the released phosphate group to to other organic molecules, rendering them less stable and more reactive

Question 12

ATP is synthesized from ADP using energy derived from one of two sources:

Answer 12

solar energy- photosynthesis converts light energy into chemical energy that is stored as ATP
2.Oxidative processes- cell respiration breaks down organic molecules to release chemical energy that is stored as ATP.

Question 13

Oxidation-reduction (Redox) reactions:

Define what oxidation mean?

Answer 13

oxidation is removal of electron from a molecule

Question 14

what does reduction mean?

Answer 14

reduction means addition of electron to a molecule

Question 15

describe what happens in a redox reaction

Answer 15

in a redox reaction: one molecule gets oxidized and one molecules gets reduced.

Question 16

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+, NADH + H+), and give its characteristics

Answer 16

an electron carrier
removes 2e- from a substrate and then gives them to another substrate
2 Protons (H+) are also transferred

NAD +2e+2H—-> NADH +H+ (reducing power)

Question 17

what must happen for a chemical reaction to proceed?

Answer 17

in order for a chemical reaction to proceed, chemical bonds must be broken

Question 18

what is a collision theory?

Answer 18

all atoms/molecules are continuously moving and colliding , old chemical bonds can be broken and new bonds can be formed

Question 19

collision energy needed for chemical reaction

Answer 19

activation energy

Question 20

what are ways to increase reaction rate:?

Answer 20

increase temperature
increase pressure
enzymes (living systems)

Question 21

what does enzymes serve as ?, and what does it do ?

Answer 21

they serve as a catalysts , which speed up a chemical reaction without being permanently altered

Question 22

does enzymes act on specific substrate or do they do it all at once?

Answer 22

yes they act on a specific substrate , and each enzyme catalyzed only one reaction

Question 23

true or false. enzymes lowers activation energy

Answer 23

true, enzymes lowers the activation energy

Question 24

Determine if this statement is true or false. Enzymatic reactions occur up to 10 billion times faster than without enzymes , and some can process up to 500 000 reactions per second.

Answer 24

True

Question 25

Carbohydrate catabolism: What is the most common carbohydrate used for energy?

Answer 25

glucose is the most common carbohydrate used for energy

Question 26

what are the two processes can that can be used to break down glucose?

Answer 26

cellular reparation and fermentation

Question 27

what happens in substrate level phosphorylation, provide an example

Answer 27

ATP is formed when an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP, Example: PEP to PYR

Question 28

Define the Oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 28

Uses 02 to oxidize electron carriers NADH, FADH, in order to generate ATP ATP is made by a mechanical process. ADP & Pi are smashed together in ATP synthase Occurs in electron transport chain on the mitochondrial inner membrane Water is produced in this process as 02 is reduced

Question 29

What are the three stages of cellular respiration

Answer 29

1.Glycolysis 2.TCA cycle (kreb cycle or tricarboxylic acid0 3.Electron transport chain

Question 30

what is glycolysis? give a brief description.

Answer 30

it's the splitting of sugars

Question 31

Now describe glycolysis in more in depth way:

Answer 31

Glycolysis is sequence of 10 reactions, 1 glucose is converted into 2 molecules of pyruvate, small amount of energy is released (2 ATP + 2 NADH) it does not require oxygen (anaerobic)

Question 32

The TCA cycle describe it briefly:

Answer 32

the pyruvate is broken down completely into C02 (carbon dioxide)

Question 33

The kreb cycle define it

Answer 33

More ATP and NADh produced: 2 ATP 8 NADH + other electron carriers

Question 34

THE TCA cycle or KREB cycle occurs in the : where in v=bacterial cell , and where in eukaryotic cell

Answer 34

cytoplasm of a bacterial cell mitochondria of a eukaryotic cell

Question 35

Electron transport Chain:

Answer 35

electrons from NADH are transported through a series of e- carriers at the end of the chain e- are deposited on 02.

Question 36

electron transport chain: give the equation and tell where it occurs in the bacteria and eukaryotic cells

Answer 36

it occurs in the cell membrane of bacteria and in mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotic cells equation: 1/2 02 +2e- + 2H---> H20

Question 37

Describe Fermentation:

Answer 37

Also starts with glycolysis does not have electron transport chain and krebs cycle and it also DOES NOT REQUIRE OXYGEN

Question 38

fermentation: very efficient because it produces only ____ per glucose

Answer 38

2 ATP per glucose

Question 39

at the end of glycolysis in fermentation.....

Answer 39

pyruvate is converted into a fermentation product

Question 40

name the two examples of fermentation:

Answer 40

the two examples of fermentation are lactic acid and alcohol fermentation

Question 41

what is lactic acid fermentation?

Answer 41

pyruvate is converted to lactic acid as a waste product

Question 42

what are some examples of lactic acid fermentation

Answer 42

yogurt is produced when bacteria ferment the sugars in milk to produce lactic acid: lactobacillus , streptococcus

Question 43

what is alcohol fermentation

Answer 43

carried out by yeast(fungi) and some bacteria waste products are ethanol and C02

Question 44

What are food catabolism? and define what it is.

Answer 44

food catabolism= because bacteria don't just eat glucose 1.carbohydrates 2.lipids 3.proteins

Question 45

carbohydrates in food catabolism

Answer 45

polysaccharide are broken down into component sugars converted to glucose

Question 46

lipids in food catabolism

Answer 46

broken into components: fatty acids and glycerol by the enzyme lipase

Question 47

proteins in food catabolism

Answer 47

broken into amino acids, by enzymes proteases these intermediates can then be catabolized using glycolysis and TCA (kreb cycle)

Question 48

Anabolism (biosynthesis)

Answer 48

components of glycolysis and TCA cycle usually serve as starting point for amino acid, lipid, and nucleotide production called prescursor metabolites