chapter 5 (control of microbial growth)

Question 1

sterilization

Answer 1

absolute removal or destruction of all microorganisms and viruses (kills all spores)

Question 2

what kills all spores?

Answer 2

sterilization

Question 3

what kills all spores?

Answer 3

sterilization

Question 4

disinfection, name an example

Answer 4

destruction of most bacteria including pathogens but does not kill all microbes
example would be chemical disinfectants

Question 5

antisepsis , what is another way of saying it

Answer 5

(antiseptic), disinfection of skin or living tissue (less harmful compound) , normally using less harsh treatments (chemicals)

Question 6

degerming, and name an example

Answer 6

removal of most microbes from a limited area, such as washing hands with soap and water

Question 7

sanitization

Answer 7

lowering microbial counts to a safe level to meet public health standards

Question 8

a little debrief
name all the terms and define what they mean

Question 9

cidal vs. static/statis what does it mean

Answer 9

cidal means killing, and static means stop

Question 10

a bacteriodical agent ___ the bacteria

Answer 10

kills

Question 11

a bacteriostatic agent ___ bacteria from reproducing

Answer 11

stops

Question 12

what does asepsis (aseptic) mean?

Answer 12

an area is a free significant contamination

Question 13

modern surgical techniques are aseptic to minimize infection

Answer 13

asepsis/septic

Question 14

kills microbes by destroying enzymes

Answer 14

bacteriocidal (germicidal)

Question 15

boiling is an example of what?

Answer 15

this is an example of disinfection, not sterilization why? because most pathogenic bacteria are killed but not all endospores and most viruses are killed again but not all

Question 16

explain pasteurization

Answer 16

sufficient to eliminate pathogens and to lower microbial numbers to slow spoilage.

Question 17

what is a classic treatment for pausterization

Answer 17

mild treatment which is 63 for 30 minutes

Question 18

what is the HST for pausterization (high temperature short time)

Answer 18

72 for 15 seconds

Question 19

what is the UHT (ultra high temperature) for pasteurization, and what does it do?

Answer 19

140 for 3 seconds, it destroys all microorganisms that can grow under normal storage conditions

Question 20

employs pressure (15 psi) and steam (121)

Answer 20

this isautocalve it kills all endospores in about 15 min. , best mothod for sterilization

Question 21

what is the best method for sterilization

Answer 21

autoclave

Question 22

autoclave and name what it is used for, or what it contributes

Answer 22

used for :
culture media
hospital instruments
hospital materials that can withstand heat and moisture
requires that all solid surfaces are exposed to steam
all liquids must reach a temperature of 121.

Question 23

dry heat sterilization- several methods:
what are they?

Answer 23

direct flaming
incineration
hot air sterilization

Question 24

used in microbiology laboratory to sterilize innocuation needles and loops

Answer 24

direct flaming

Question 25

direct flaming, define it

Answer 25

used in microbiology laboratory to sterilize inoculation needles and loops, metallic must be red hot

Question 26

effective way to dispose contaminated materials

Answer 26

incineration

Question 27

define incineration

Answer 27

effective way to dispose of contaminated materials

Question 28

drying oven

Answer 28

hot air sterilization

Question 29

materials should stay at 170 for 2 hours in hot air sterilization. True or false

Answer 29

true

Question 30

this is used for dry materials that are not temperature sensitive, name examples

Answer 30

hot air sterilization glassware, and some dry chemicals

Question 31

define filtration

Answer 31

vacuum used to force liquid through filter with very small pores- 0.1 um ,0.22 um, or 0.45 um

Question 32

this is used to sterilize temperature sensitive liquids such as antibiotics enzymes some vaccines

Answer 32

filtration

Question 33

high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters

Answer 33

air filtration

Question 34

this is used in operating room, air come inside the room

Answer 34

air filtration

Question 35

this is used in some operating rooms to remove all microbes larger than 0.3 um.

Answer 35

air filtration

Question 36

this has the ability to slows or slow growth microbial growth, is it bacteriostatic, germistatic, bacteriocidal, germicdial

Answer 36

refrigeration, and bacteriostatic & germistatic

Question 37

stops microbial growth, is it bacteriostatic, germistatic, bacteriocidal, germicidial

Answer 37

freezing, bacteriostatic

Question 38

name some characteristics of high pressure, in terms of liquid suspensions, bacterial cells, is it sterilization?

Answer 38

liquid suspensions treated with high pressure may kill many bacterial cells- bacteriocidal, and this is not sterilization

Question 39

define dessication

Answer 39

removal of water (drying) - slows or stop growth-usually does not kill microbes-bacteriostatic

Question 40

high concentration of salts and sugars

Answer 40

hypertonic environment

Question 41

Answer the following question: can osmotic kill all bacteria or just some bacteria, and name what it is in terms of static or cidal

Answer 41

it can only can kill some bacteria,and it is called bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal

Question 42

what destroys the dna ?

Answer 42

radiation destroys the dna

Question 43

x rays and gama rays _____ materials

Answer 43

penetrate

Question 44

uv and high energy electron beams are not used on surfaces

Answer 44

false, they are use on surfaces

Question 45

describe the characteristics of a microwave

Answer 45

do not kill microorganisms directly, they heat water, and if high temperature is used it can disinfect materials.

Question 46

chemicals most can only be used for ______ and not ____

Answer 46

disinfection but not sterilization

Question 47

define the disk diffusion method

Answer 47

disk of filter paper soaked in chemical disinfectant placed on agar plate that has already been inoculated with bacteria the plate is incubated until bacteria grow zone of clearing determined effectiveness

Question 48

Phenolic compounds (Phenols)

Answer 48

disrupt plasma membranes, denature protiens-bacteriocidal very effective, remain active long after application suitable for disinfection of soiled surfaces (ex.saliva, pus,and feces) often mixed with other compounds to reduce toxicity

Question 49

name some examples of phenols

Answer 49

original formulations of lysol hexachlorophene - useful against bacteria that cause skin infections in new borns

Question 50

useful against bacteria that cause skin infections in new borns , can be sued to disinfect surfaces in nursaries and caution must be used-causes neurologicla disorders

Answer 50

hexachlorophene

Question 51

triclosan

Answer 51

used in some personal hygiene products -cosmetics and deodorant soaps

Question 52

biguanides: define what chlorhexidine

Answer 52

attacks plasma membrane- bacteriocidal -to control microbes on skin and mucous membranes used in surgical hand scrubs, can persist for up to 6 hours only kills some viruses, does not destroy endospores.

Question 53

define halogens

Answer 53

destroy proteins and membranes and used as disinfectants and antiseptics.

Question 54

define what chlorine means and its contributions to the bacterial growth

Answer 54

forms hypochlorous acid in water-strong oxidizing agent- denatures enzymes examples : household bleach- excellent disinfectant chlorine dioxide -sterilizing gas

Question 55

frequently used as an antiseptic, and include some examples:

Answer 55

tinture of iodine - in an alcohol solution iodophore-linked to carrier molecule so that is released slowly over time ex: betadine- used as antiseptic on skin

Question 56

define 5 characteristics of alcohol

Answer 56

denatures proteins, disrupt membranes kills bacteria and fungi does not kill endospores and some viruses acts quickly and evaporates often used to disinfect surfaces in a lab, or degerm skin.

Question 57

true or false. does alcohol usually suffice as an adequate antiseptic, and if compound to other chemicals it does not enhance effectiveness ?

Answer 57

false, it does not suffice an adequate antiseptic, however if mixed with other compound it enhance effectiveness.

Question 58

what are the two types of alcohol used ?

Answer 58

ethanol and isopropanol

Question 59

ethanol is how many percent effective?

Answer 59

70 percent effective

Question 60

isopropanol is used as a

Answer 60

rubbing alcohol

Question 61

what types of metals can inhibit the process of microbes?

Answer 61

copper, zinc, silver, and mercury

Question 62

describe silver nitrate and what's it contribution

Answer 62

used as eye drops for new born infants to protect against gonorrhoeal ophthalmia

Question 63

define silver sulfadiazine

Answer 63

topical cream for burns

Question 64

____ incorporated into bandages and catheters to ______ of microbes

Answer 64

silver ions , slow growth

Question 65

define copper sulfate

Answer 65

used to inhibit algae in resorvoirs

Question 66

define mercuric chloride

Answer 66

used to paint to control mildew (toxic)

Question 67

define zinc chloride

Answer 67

used an antiseptic in mouthwash

Question 68

regular soaps and detergent

Answer 68

does not work as disinfectants or antiseptics important in mechanical removal of microbes

Question 69

what does soap and water do in terms of washing your hands

Answer 69

soap breaks up the oily deposits and film on skin. Water can then wash these deposits away along with microbes

Question 70

regular soaps and detergents works as

Answer 70

degerming the skin

Question 71

Quaternary ammonium compounds (Quats): Cationic detergents-

Answer 71

kill most bacteria, fungi, and some viruses do not kill endospores do not kill some gram negative bacteria

Question 72

quaternary ammonium compounds (Quats): define a characteristic.

Answer 72

strongly antimicrobial, odorless, tasteless, colorless, and no toxic at low concentrations ex: cepacol used as mouthwash

Question 73

define if the statement is true: some gram negative bacteria not only survive- but grow well in Quats pseudomonas aeruginosa- causes what?

Answer 73

True, this statement is correct pseudomonas aeruginosa cause of burn infections

Question 74

what does gaseous chemosterilizers mean?

Answer 74

chemical gasses used for sterilization

Question 75

what is ethylene oxide ?

Answer 75

ethylene oxide is a type of sterilization for chemical gases, it denatures proteins = germicidal it also kills all microbes such as endospores and viruses

Question 76

does ethylene oxide require 4-18 hours of exposure, and is it a fact that it is not highly penetrating-cannot pass through plastics?

Answer 76

false. although it requires 4-18 of exposure, it does allow passing through plastics

Question 77

can ethylene oxide be used to sterilize disposable hospital equipment and lab supplies?

Answer 77

yes it can be used

Question 78

name some examples of ethylene oxide

Answer 78

plastic tubing disposable swabs

Question 79

oxidizing agents are: hydrogen peroxide ozone benzoyl peroxide, name what they all do and their function

Answer 79

oxidize and denature proteins useful against anaerobic organims hydrogen peroxide- common antiseptic for wounds ozone-used with chlorine to disinfect water benzoyl peroxide- used an antiseptic on skin - kills anaerobic bacteria living in tissues ex: bacteria that cause acne