chapter 14 practical applications of immunology (diana's version)

Question 1

vaccines are either :

Answer 1

a suspension of whole organisms or
portions of organisms (antigens)

Question 2

stimulate an immune response without causing disease

Answer 2

vaccine

Question 3

the immune system produces memory cells to the specific antigen

Answer 3

vaccines

Question 4

name the characteristics of vaccine

Answer 4

stimulate an immune response without causing disease

the immune system produces memory cells to the specific antigen

Question 5

why are vaccines needed?

Answer 5

many communicable diseases can be controlled by behavioural or environmental methods

example : sexually transmitted infections can be controlled by condom use or abstinence cholera can be controlled by proper sanitation

Question 6

when methods fail in avoidance, you can …

Answer 6

bacterial disease can be treated with antibiotics
viral diseases generally cannot be cured

Question 7

______ are the best way to control diseases for which there is no cure

Answer 7

vaccines

Question 8

types of vaccines:
1.attenuated whole agent vaccines

these vaccines use weakened living microbes
and why are they weakened?

Answer 8

this is true, and they are weakened because of a mutation that that has been introduced

Question 9

what is an example of attenuated whole agent vaccines

Answer 9

an example would be a virus that can adsorb, penetrate and uncoat but cannot reproduce

Question 10

what mimics closely to an actual infection as a vaccine?

Answer 10

attenuated whole agent vaccine

Question 11

attenuated whole agent vaccine stimulate both a _______ response and _____ response

Answer 11

cell mediated response (T cell)
antibody response (B cell)

Question 12

what type of vaccines often confers a life long immunity ?

Answer 12

attenuated whole agent vaccine ( measles, mumps, rubella, varicella)

Question 13

true or false live attenuated vaccines have a risk factor?

Answer 13

yes they do have a risk factor, the virus bacterium may revert back to the original pathogenic form

Question 14

live attenuated vaccines can be dangerous to who?

Answer 14

to immunocompromised patients (AIDS), pregnant women
the organism may still be able to cause disease

Question 15

what is the second type of vaccine in the notes?

Answer 15

inactive whole agent vaccine

Question 16

describe what inactive whole gent vaccines means

Answer 16

these vaccines use whole agents that have been killed for example : viruses : rabies, influenza ,polio
: bacteria - vibrio cholera

Question 17

what is the type of disease that is very consistent and does not need a booster unlike SARS covid 2 (coronavirus)

Answer 17

small pox

Question 18

this appears to be on outside ( and appears to be dangerous virus), however it has lost its infectious agent

Answer 18

this is called a inactive whole agent vaccine

Question 19

inactive whole agent vaccines are exogenous or endogenous?

Answer 19

exogenous

Question 20

this is a type of vaccine that looks like the toxin, but it’s not (no longer infectious)

Answer 20

toxoid

Question 21

characteristics of toxoid:

Answer 21

inactivated toxins
made from purified proteins

Question 22

____ cannot behave like a cytotoxin & memory B cell will activate activate and pump out (secondary responses) to protect you

Answer 22

toxoid

Question 23

true or false. In a toxoid vaccine, you are not protected against the bacteria but protected against the toxin

Answer 23

true

Question 24

the immune response acts against toxoid

Answer 24

stimulates the antibody mediated response only
usually requires a series of injections for full immunity (immunity does not last long)

Question 25

name an example for how the immune response acts against the toxoid

Answer 25

immunity conferred by the DTaP vaccine (Diptheria, Tetanus, Pertussis) requires a booster shot every ten years

Question 26

this vaccine contains a purified components from viruses or bacteria (the antigens are most likely to induce an immune response)

Answer 26

this is called a subunit vaccine

Question 27

can subunit stimulates both antibody and cell mediated response?

Answer 27

no it can only stimulate, antibody mediated response

Question 28

what are some examples of subunit vaccines?

Answer 28

streptoccous pneumoniae purified capsule polysaccharide pneumoshot: protects against pneumonia hepatits B viral coat proteins are produced by genetically modified yeast

Question 29

what are known to be extremely safe vaccines: the disease causing agent is not present

Answer 29

subunit vaccines

Question 30

this consist of purified polysaccharide

Answer 30

streptoccous pneumoniae (pneumoshot)

Question 31

pieces of virus, the memory is there and done in the safe way

Answer 31

hepatits B ( viral coat proteins are produced genetically modified yeast)

Question 32

True or false. Children's immune systems do not respond tp capsular polysaccharide?

Answer 32

true

Question 33

In a what vaccine is a polysaccharide antigen is combined with a protein antigen-resulting in a stronger immune response?

Answer 33

conjugated vaccine

Question 34

Haemophilus influenza capsule combined with diptheria toxoid can what

Answer 34

can induced an immune response in children as young as 2 months

Question 35

when you ____- it's bigger and get protection against two things

Answer 35

conjugate

Question 36

name the characteristics for conjugated vaccines

Answer 36

children's immune systems do not respond to capsular polysaccharide a polysaccharide antigen is combined with a protein antigen resulting in a stronger immune respond

Question 37

are vaccines safe?

Answer 37

in a very rare cases vaccines may cause the disease that they are designed to prevent (live attenuated)

Question 38

abnormal cells you kill them with what?

Answer 38

cell mediated response

Question 39

herd immunity is something you want to....

Answer 39

to reserve for people who cannot get vaccine

Question 40

people who have been vaccinated still have a reduced chance of contracting disease

Answer 40

herd immunity

Question 41

this most often occurs for viruses with only a human resorvoir

Answer 41

herd immunity

Question 42

true or false. if the herd does not carry the disease (because of the vaccination) then non-immunized individuals cannot get the disease the result: any parents choose not to have their children vaccinated

Answer 42

true

Question 43

what is the problem of people not getting their children vaccinated

Answer 43

they probably never actually seen a case of polio or measles

Question 44

99% of mild cases have only mild symptoms , 1% of cases result in paralytic poliomyelitis

Answer 44

polio

Question 45

the extremities can be permanently crippled

Answer 45

polio

Question 46

respiratory muscles can be paralyzed causing death

Answer 46

polio

Question 47

what are the characteristics of polio

Answer 47

99% of mild cases have only mild symptoms * 1% of cases result in paralytic poliomyelitis * The extremities can be permanently crippled * Respiratory muscles can be paralyzed causing death

Question 48

this is a respiratory infection and patients develop a characteristic rash

Answer 48

measles

Question 49

what is the late complication resultant of measles?

Answer 49

subacute sclerosing pan encephalitis

Question 50

worldwide ___ kills approx. 1 million and what are they usually?

Answer 50

measles, and they are usually children

Question 51

this is a fecal oral virus transmitted with food or water

Answer 51

polio and measles