Chapter 3 Organic Molecules

Question 1

Non polar bonds examples

Answer 1

C-C and C-H bonds

Question 2

Polar bond examples

Answer 2

C-O bonds

Question 3

Hydrocarbons

Answer 3

Molecules with a high amount of hydrocarbon bonds

Question 4

Monomer

Answer 4

One part

Question 5

Polymer

Answer 5

Many parts

DNA is a stable polymer

Question 6

Hydrolysis reaction

Answer 6

Breaks down polymers to monomers

Water is added back each time a monomer is released

Question 7

Carbohydrates

Answer 7

Composed of carbon hydrogen and oxygen atoms in or close to the proportions represented by the general formula Cn(H2O)n

Question 8

Monosaccharides

Answer 8

Simplest sugars of monomers

Glucose

Question 9

Disaccharides

Answer 9

Two sugars

Question 10

Polysaccharides

Answer 10

Many sugars
Starch
Glycogen and cellulose

Question 11

Starch

Answer 11

Found in plant cells

Question 12

Glycogen

Answer 12

Found in animal cells

Question 13

Lipids

Answer 13

Are hydrophobic molecules composed of carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms and some oxygen atoms
Non polar
Insoluble in water

Question 14

Peptide bond

Answer 14

The covalent bond formed between a carboxyl and amino group

Question 15

Primary Structure

Answer 15

The linear sequence of amino acids is the primary structure

Question 16

Secondary structure

Answer 16

Certain sequences if amino acids form hydrogen bonds that cause the region to fold into a spiral or sheet

Question 17

Tertiary Structure

Answer 17

Secondary structures and random coiled regions fold into a 3-dimensional shape

Question 18

Quaternary Structure

Answer 18

Two or more polypeptides may bind to each other yo form a functional protein

Question 19

Van der waals dispersion forces

Answer 19

Attractive forces occur between atoms that are optimal distances apart

Question 20

Hydrophobic Effect

Answer 20

Nonpolar amino acids in the centre of the protein avoid contact with water

Question 21

Disulphide bridges

Answer 21

A covalent bond forms between two cysteine side chains
Links two amino acid side chains together (S-S)
(CH2-S-S-CH2)

Question 22

Two types of nucleotides (classes)

Answer 22

DNA and RNA

Question 23

Nucleotide

Answer 23

A monomer has three components 1. A phosphate group, 2. A pentose (5 carbon) sugar either DNA or RNA and 3. A single or double ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms known as a base

Question 24

Deoxyribose has four different nucleotides present in DNA

Two purine bases and two pyrimidine bases what are they?

Answer 24

Purine bases: adenine and guanine. Have fused double rings of carbon and nitrogen atoms

Pyrimidine bases: cytosine and thymine. They have a sing,e ring structure

Question 25

Base pairing

Answer 25

Adenine to thymine Cytosine to guanine DNA consist of two strands of nucleotides coiled around each other to form a double helix Two strands he,d together by hydrogen bonds Each base lies on a sugar phosphate backbone

Question 26

RNA

Answer 26

They have a similar structure to DNA The sugar is ribose Thymine is replaced with uracil three other bases stay the same.

Question 27

Molecules that are found in living cells and contain the element ___________ are considered organic molecules

Answer 27

Carbon

Question 28

The versatility of carbon to serve as the backbone for a variety of different molecules due to ...

Answer 28

The ability of carbon atoms to form four covalent bonds And The ability of carbon to form covalent bonds with many different atoms

Question 29

``` Which of the following types of bonds are non polar A C-C B C-O C. C-H D. Both a and b E both a and c ```

Answer 29

E. Both a and c

Question 30

Unifying principles that guide our understanding of life

Answer 30

1. Cells are the simplest units of life 2. Living organisms use energy 3. Living organisms interact with their environment 4. Living organisms have mechanisms that maintain homeostasis 5. Living organisms grow, develop and reproduce 6. The genetic material, DNA, provides a dynamic plan for sustaining life

Question 31

Biosphere

Answer 31

All places on earth where living organisms exist

Question 32

Functional groups

Answer 32

Groups of atoms with special chemical pictures that contribute to the molecules properties

Question 33

Why dies carbon form four covalent bonds ?

Answer 33

Because carbon needs four electrons to fill its outer shell

Question 34

Structural Isomers

Answer 34

Contain the same atoms but in different bonding relationships

Question 35

Stereoisomers

Answer 35

Identical bonding relationships but different spatial positioning of the atoms

Question 36

Cis

Answer 36

The two hydrogen atoms linked to the two carbons making a double bond

Question 37

Trans

Answer 37

Two hydrogen atoms linked to the two carbons of a c=c double bond are in the opposite side

Question 38

Condensation reaction

Answer 38

Two or more molecules combined into a larger one with the loss of a small molecule

Question 39

Starch: consists of two polysaccharides

Answer 39

Amylose 30% and amylopectin 70%

Question 40

``` Which is not a polymer of glucose a starch b Glycogen c Cellulose d galactose ```

Answer 40

Glycogen

Question 41

Waxes

Answer 41

Very non polar | One or more hydrocarbons

Question 42

Zwitterions

Answer 42

At neutral pH, and amino acid

Question 43

Motor proteins

Answer 43

Initiate movement

Question 44

Defence proteins

Answer 44

Protect organisms against disease

Question 45

Metabolic enzymes

Answer 45

Increase rates of chemical reactions

Question 46

Cell signal get proteins

Answer 46

Enable cells to communicate with one another and with the environment

Question 47

Structural proteins

Answer 47

Support and strengthen structures

Question 48

Transporters

Answer 48

Promote movement of solutes across the plasma membrane's