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Neuro > Chapter 3 - Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Quiz 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the basis of nervous system function

A

Neural signaling

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2
Q

Internalized thoughts or externally observable actions are the result of?

A

Electrochemical changes in the state of
Vast population of neurons

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3
Q

How is neural signaling accomplished?

A

Electrical or chemical process

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4
Q

Where does the chemical process occur

A

In a synapse
When a message is transmitted from one neuron to the next

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5
Q

What is the name of transmission of information along axons?

A

Electrical process

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6
Q

How is electricity created?

A

By the movement of charged particles

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7
Q

What are charged particles?

A

Ions= electrons (-), protons (+), atoms (neutral)

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8
Q

What are the driving forces that place ions in motion?

A

Voltage, electricity
OR concentration and electrical gradients??????

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9
Q

What does the movement of charged particles create?

A

Electricity

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10
Q

Why does movement within a neuron not require metabolic energy?

A

Two driving forces…voltage and electricity…or concentration and electrical gradients

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11
Q

What is the magnitude of potential energy?

A

Voltage (amount of energy)

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12
Q

What is a current?

A

Number of charged particles passing a given point
In a given amount of time

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13
Q

What is resistance?

A

Refers to forces that impede current

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14
Q

Components of intra- and extracellular fluid

A

Mostly water
4 ions:
Sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium
Negative anions: large molecular, weighted, inorganic, negatively charged protein

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15
Q

What is the concentration gradient of the axon?

A

Passive flow of ions to balance cell - flow from more positive to negative to balance

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16
Q

What is the electrical gradient on the axon triggered by and what does it accomplish?

A

spreading of ion - helps propagate message

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17
Q

Which driving forces act on Sodium

A

Electrochemical
Concentration gradient: higher sodium concentration outside the cell
Electrical gradient: negative charge INSIDE the cell attracts positively charged sodium ions
BOTH push sodium INTO the cell when sodium channels open

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18
Q

Driving force acting on potassium

A

Electrochemical
Concentration gradient: higher potassium concentration inside the cell
Electrical gradient: negative charge INSIDE the cell attracting potassium outward
Potassium move out of the cell through potassium leak channels

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19
Q

Ions have structural features that restrict what?

A

Type of ion allowed to pass
Rate of ion passage

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20
Q

Why is the cell membrane semipermeable?

A

Because of active and passive features

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21
Q

What are the passive features of the cell membrane?

A

Physical size
Diameter of channel pore
Gradient (concentration - hi to low)

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22
Q

What are the active features of the cell membrane?

A

Prepping for action potential
Channel gating - changes in position of different protein components comprising gate

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23
Q

What are the 3 types of gating mechanism?

A
  1. Ligand gating
  2. Voltage gating
  3. Mechanical gating
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24
Q

What is ligand gating?

A

CHEMICAL process allowing the passage of neurotransmitters during synapse
Lock and key
Specific neurotransmitters allowed to pass
If it doesn’t fit lock it won’t pass
Usually unmyelinated

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25
What is voltage gating?
Occurs in the axon during the transmission of the signal (action potential) Responding to change in electrical potential
26
What is mechanical gating?
Occurs with certain types of sensory receptors Physically opens the gates Activated from strain, stretch, pressure on the cell membrane
27
Function of - sodium/potassium pump
Key feature for establishing and maintaining the RMP of neuron - excitatory Myelinated
28
Function of - Calcium pump
Pump operates to move calcium AGAINST its natural concentration gradient. Active during synaptic transmission and during muscle contraction Helps to stop transmission - inhibitory
29
Why does the neuron need ion pumps?
Neurons with open/passive or resting channels need pumps b/c they are leaky Need active mechanism to counter that and ensure electrical stability of cell Offset passive flow of ions
30
What are membrane voltages?
Uneven distribution of ions, more positive out, negative in
31
What is a change in voltage?
Preparing for AP Depolarization (positive flow into cell - excites cell) Hyper polarization (negative flow into cell - inhibits cell)
32
Resting Membrane Potential (RMP)
Ready to change in polarity to start AP
33
How do neurons maintain a separation of charges
Impermeable nature of the phospholipid bilayer
34
What creates the membrane potential?
Positive and negative ions on each side of the cell membrane 2 sides are said to be polarized
35
How many millivolts is the inside of the axon?
-60 to -70
36
How many millivolts is the inside of the neuron at RMP?
-60 to -70
37
What is the baseline (resting) condition of the neuron?
RMP Stable and ready to take action
38
How is RMP maintained?
1. Passive flow of potassium and sodium (because of concentration gradient) 2. Active operation of the sodium/potassium pump
39
What is another term for AP?
Nerve impulse
40
How is neural signaling (impulse transmission) accomplished?
Brief changes in membrane potential Caused by movement of ions
41
What does the AP accomplish?
Creates an electrical signal that can arrive at its destination without weakening
42
What is an action potential (AP)
Rapid changes in membrane potential At a specific location on the axon That is then propagated down the axon
43
Where are action potential initiated
Axon hillock
44
What is the difference in how sodium channels operate compared to potassium?
Sodium open fast and close quickly - don’t open again until RMP Potassium open slowly while depolarizing and open longer. More potassium than sodium
45
What are the driving forces that cause sodium to rush into cell when sodium channels open?
Opposites attract
46
What are the 4 phases of an action potential?
Phase 1: neuron is at RMP Phase 2: influx of sodium resulting in depolarization, then sodium gates close Phase 3: outward flow of potassium resulting in depolarization (potassium channel still open) Phase 4: hyperpolarization (absolute refractory period) and restoration to RMP
47
What is the all-or-none principle?
Once an AP is stimulated it can’t be stopped
48
When does an AP occur?
When it is stimulated to its threshold Once threshold occurs, depolarization will occur to its full strength
49
Why do we feel some stimuli as stronger than others?
Frequency of AP will create a stronger sensation
50
Why does propagation of AP along axon differ?
Myelination
51
What does speed of conduction depend on?
Diameter of the axon (faster) Distance in front of the AP that the current can spread (unmyelinated is not as fast)
52
What is space between neurons called, where communication happens?
Synapse
53
What does each synapse involve?
Presynaptic neuron and postsynaptic neuron
54
What is the gap between the pre- and postsynaptic neuron called?
Synaptic cleft
55
What are the two major forms of synapse?
Electrical and chemical
56
What is an electrical synapse?
Aka gap junction Electrical synapses occur by Sending electrical signal across the gap Which stimulates the receiving neuron Fast transmission but no flexibility or nuance Occur in cochlea and retina Bi-directional
57
What is a chemical synapse?
Interaction between two neurons via neurotransmitters
58
What are the structures of a chemical synapse?
1. Presynaptic terminal 2. Synaptic cleft 3. Postsynaptic membrane
59
What is the significance of the Presynaptic terminal?
Aka terminal boutons Contain synaptic vesicles which contain the neurotransmitters
60
What is the purpose of the postsynaptic membrane?
Portion of 2nd neuron that receives the signal by reacting to specific neurotransmitters
61
Transmission phase of chemical synapse
Depolarization in terminal bouton opens calcium channels, influx of calcium Causing synaptic vesicles to move and bind to the membrane, releasing neurotransmitters into the cleft
62
Reception phase of chemical synapse
Neurotransmitters move across the synaptic cleft And generate postsynaptic potentials in the Postsynaptic membrane Positive ions moving in - excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP) Negative ions moving in or positive ions moving out - inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSP)
63
How are neurotransmitters removed or deactivated so they won’t continue to stimulate postsynaptic membrane?
1. Diffusion - move from high to low concentration on Presynaptic cell 2. Enzymatic degradation - enzymes neutralize neurotransmitters by breaking down 3. Re-uptake - reabsorbed to Presynaptic neuron
64
Major classes of neurotransmitters
Classical: amino acids & amines No classical: neuropeptides & gases
65
Amino Acids
1. Glutamate - excitatory (postsynaptic) - can bet toxic to humans if too much , need to be diffused or reuptake 2. GABA - inhibitory 3. Glycine - inhibitory in brainstem, spinal cord, retina, cerebellum
66
Amines
1. Acetylcholine - in CNS, opens neuromuscular junction, when not enough there is Alzheimer’s 2. Dopamine - regulates emotions - modulator 3. Norepinephrine- modulator 4. Epinephrine - excitatory 5. Serotonin - inhibitory
67
Neuropeptides and gases
Neuropeptides produced by neurons Gases signaling molecules If excessive then detrimental to brain
68
How does a neuron reach firing threshold?
Because of chemical changes - electrochemical concentration gradients Pumps ???
69
What is neural integration
Neurons combining signals to create an output or AP
70
How is neural integration accomplished?
1. Spatial summation 2. Temporal summation
71
What is spatial summation?
Occurs when two or more closely adjacent synapses are simultaneously activated Allowing for their individual postsynaptic potentials to combine Ton influence the overall membrane potential of the neuron
72
What is temporal summation
Growing depolarization of EPSPS or Growing hyperpolarization of IPSPs Of the postsynaptic membrane
73
3 factors that complicate summation
1. Synapse is small 2. Not enough electrical energy 3. Imbalance of EPSP to IPSP
74
Neural signaling flowchart 3-41

Neuro (17 decks)

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