Final

Question 1

Circle of Willis

Answer 1

Posterior cerebral arteries
Posterior communicating arteries
Anterior communicating arteries
Anterior cerebral arteries
Middle cerebral artery (left one is important to speech)

Question 2

Right homonymous hemianopsia

Answer 2

Left optic tract

Question 3

Bitemporal hemianopsia

Answer 3

Optic chiasm

Question 4

Left monocular blindness

Answer 4

Left optic nerve

Question 5

Synapse vs. NMJ

Answer 5

Synapse is a general junction between two neurons
NMJ is b/w a LMN terminal and muscle fiber
NMJ is a specialized synapse
NMJ single presynaptic AP & 1 postsynaptic AP
NMJ only excitatory
NMJ only from one motor neuron to muscle fiber

Question 6

Corona radiata vs. internal capsule

Answer 6

CR is a fain-like projection axons from the IC in the cerebral white matter b/w the cortex and subcortical nuclei
IC is situated between the thalamus, caudate nucleus, and globus pallidus

Question 7

Corticobulbar vs corticospinal

Answer 7

Direct link b/w motor cortices and LMN
Cell bodies are found in the cortical layer V from pyramidal cells
CBT - head and neck - cranial nerves
CST - limbs - spinal nerves

Question 8

Layers of Meninges

Answer 8

1. Dura mater - not flexible
2. Arachnoid - resilient to strain, shock absorber, circulates CSF, has arteries & veins
3. Pia mater - suspends spinal cord from dura layer

Question 9

Corticospinal pathway - UMN

Answer 9

Primary motor cortex on precentral gyrus of frontal lobe - corona radiata - internal capsule - crus cerebri at level of the midbrain - pons - decussate at medulla - becomes lateral and anterior CST
LMN = spinal nerve

Question 10

Lateral and anterior corticospinal tracts

Answer 10

Lateral = 90%, goes contralateral - limbs and extremities
Anterior = 10% - ipsilateral - trunk, neck, and shoulders

Question 11

Corticobulbar pathway - UMN

Answer 11

Primary motor cortex, cortical pyramidal V layer - corona radiata - internal capsule - crus cerebri - cranial nerves CST nuclei
LMN=cranial nerves

Question 12

Rubrospinal tract (brainstem-extrapyramidal)

Answer 12

Helps activate LMN to help maintain tone & support cortical spinal functioning

Question 13

Vestibulospinal (brainstem - extrapyramidal)

Answer 13

Upright posture

Question 14

Reticulospinal (brainstem - extrapyramidal)

Answer 14

Originates from reticular formation
Works antagonistically to help regulate tone and posture

Question 15

Tectospinal (brainstem - extrapyramidal)

Answer 15

Comes from superior colliculi
Mediates response to if we hear and see something
Visual & auditory stimuli and muscle movement to respond to what we see and hear

Question 16

Ventricles location & structure

Answer 16

2 lateral ventricles sit within cerebral hemisphere
Connects to 3rd by interventricular foramina
3rd is in the diencephalon
4th is in the brainstem and they connect via the cerebral acqueduct

Question 17

Cerebral spinal fluid

Answer 17

Helps maintain intracranial pressure
Removes waste from CNS
Nourishes nervous tissue
Protects brain
Circulates around CNS

Question 18

Structures and layers of the spinal cord

Answer 18

See ppt slide

Question 19

Function of the medulla

Answer 19

Bp & depth and rate of breathing

Question 20

Function of the pons

Answer 20

Connects the spinal cord to the CNS
Pneumotaxic centers

Question 21

Function of the midbrain

Answer 21

Motor control of cerebellum and basal ganglia
Crus cerebri
Sound and visual input processing

Question 22

Association cortices

Answer 22

Parietal - mediate visual guidance, spatial awareness, & attention
Temporal - recognize complex objects & language
Frontal - mediate executive functions & working memory
Limbic - emotional center of the brain

Question 23

Cerebellum by location

Answer 23

Superior - motor - info to thalamus, primary motor, red nucleus, reticular formation
Middle - sensory - to cerebellum from pontine nucleus
Inferior - mixed. Sensory from spinal cord, brainstem & vestibular nuclei. Motor to vestibular nuclei helps with posture and balance

Question 24

Cerebellum by function

Answer 24

Vestibular - on flucculonodular lobe - balance and posture
Spinal - midline - proprioception from musculoskeletal system and skin
Cerebral - lateral hemisphere - planning, timing & initiation of movement

Question 25

Auditory pathway

Answer 25

1. Cochlear nucleus 2. Superior olivary complex 3. Inferior colliculi 4. Medial geniculate body 5. Auditory cortical area

Question 26

Visual pathway

Answer 26

Optic nerve Optic chiasm Optic tract Thalamus with some branching: hypothalamus, edinger-Westphalia nucleus, superior colliculi Lateral geniculate body Primary visual cortex

Question 27

The supplementary motor area (SMA) has the following characteristic

Answer 27

Active during novel speech

Question 28

Association fiber tract that is considered a key tract for processing of speech and language

Answer 28

Arcuate fasciculus

Question 29

Papillae Innervation

Answer 29

Fungiform - CN VII Foliate & circumvallate (vallate) - CN IX

Question 30

Total loss of smell Partial loss of smell

Answer 30

Amnosia Hyposmia

Question 31

Efferent pathway that helps to regulate proximal extensor muscles of the lower limbs to maintain balance?

Answer 31

Vestibulospinal

Question 32

Entry point of basal ganglia

Answer 32

Striatum (caudate nucleus + putamen)

Question 33

Basal ganglia site that functions as an output to the thalamus

Answer 33

Globus pallidus internal

Question 34

Paralysis or paresis of the entire left side of the body - where is the origin of the damage?

Answer 34

Right motor cortex

Question 35

Lower motor neuron damage what happens to muscle tone?

Answer 35

Hypotonia Flaccidity

Question 36

Upper motor neuron damage - what happens to muscle tone?

Answer 36

Spasticity Rigidity

Question 37

White matter of spinal cord

Answer 37

Dorsal fasciculi (columns) - ascending fibers Lateral fasciculi - ascending (spinocerebellar, spinothalamic tract) and descending (lateral corticospinal & Rubrospinal tracts) Anterior fasciculi - mixture of ascending (noxious and thermal inputs to brainstem, thalamus, and cerebrum) and descending tracts (control axial muscles of the trunk and influence the regulation and maintenance of posture)