Midterm Flashcards
(122 cards)
1
Q
What are the types of cell in the nervous system?
A
Glial
Neural
2
Q
Structures of neurons and function
A
Soma/cell body: metabolic center
Dendrites: input side
Axon hillock: integrates signals
Axon: distributes information
3
Q
What are the two main structures of the diencephalon?
A
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
4
Q
Functions of the thalamus
A
Learning complex actions
Selecting appropriate responses to meet motor goals
Regulating signals related to emotion, memory, and autonomic control
5
Q
What is the body’s homeostatic regulatory system?
A
Hypothalamus
6
Q
What are the two cerebral hemispheres separated by
A
Cerebral longitudinal fissure
7
Q
What are the two cerebral hemispheres connected by
A
Corpus callosum
8
Q
Identify cerebral lobes on diagram
A
Very basic
9
Q
The primary motor cortex gyrus and lobe
A
Precentral
Frontal
10
Q
The primary somatosensory cortex gyrus and lobe
A
Postcentral
Parietal
11
Q
The primary auditory cortex gyrus and lobe
A
Superior temporal gyrus
Temporal
12
Q
the primary visual cortex is on the walls of ______ and what lobe
A
Calcarine fissure
Occipital
13
Q
Location, function, blood supply of Broca’s
A
Located in the inferior frontal gyrus, ventral to the lateral sulcus, rostral to the primary motor cortex, in the frontal lobe of the left hemisphere of the cerebrum. More specifically, the pars triangularis and pars orbitalis of the inferior gyrus make up the Broca’s area. This part of the Premotor cortex is closest to the lateral sulcus. Broca’s area is considered the seat of speech motor control activity; it aids in planning and organizing speech production. Broca’s area receives its blood supply from the middle cerebral artery, which is part of the Circle of Willis.
14
Q
Where are executive functions primarily located
A
Prefrontal cortex
15
Q
What is the boundary between the frontal and parietal lobes?
A
Central sulcus
16
Q
What is the boundary between the frontal and temporal lobes
A
Lateral sulcus
17
Q
The superior and inferior parietal lobe are divided by?
A
Interaparietal sulcus
18
Q
Describe the location, function, and blood supply of Wernicke’s area
A
Wernicke’s area is located in the temporal lobe, dorsal to the lateral sulcus, on the superior temporal gyrus; it surrounds the primary auditory cortex. Wernicke’s area functions as the center for language reception and comprehension. Wernicke’s area receives arterial blood from the middle cerebral artery, which is part of the Circle of Willis
19
Q
Describe the location and function of the limbic system
A
The limbic system is lateral to the thalamus, inferior to the cerebral cortex, and superior to the brainstem. The limbic system has many functions that can all be characterized as instinctual. It has four major structures that deal with various functions. The amygdala is the great detector that deals with fear, anxiety, and aggression. The septal nuclei are part of the reward system. The hippocampus deals with spatial learning and long-term memory. The cingulate gyrus deals with attention, cognition, affect, visualization, response selection, and motor control
20
Q
Identify the cerebellum on a diagram
A
Easy
21
Q
Match matter to definition
A
Association - connects two parts of the same hemisphere
Projection - connects higher to lower areas of CNS
Commissural - connects one hemisphere to another
22
Q
The midline structure of the cerebellum is the?
A
Vermis
23
Q
What is the largest set of Commissural fibers?
A
Corpus callosum
24
Q
Describe the somatotopic arrangement of the motor and somatosensory cortices
A
The somatotopic arrangement of the motor and somatosensory cortices is arranged so that each area corresponds to a specific body region. This can be described by referring to a homunculus. This is a person’s layout from their feet, at the bottom of the of the person, up to the head of the person at the top. When laid out on the primary motor and primary sensory regions, the feet are at the top of the region, and the head is closest to the lateral sulcus of the cerebrum. On the motor cortex, the areas that are larger are areas that require more skill, and on the sensory cortex, the areas that are larger are areas that send more sensory information.
25
Where does motor planning occur?
In the primary motor cortex
26
What is comprised of projection fibers that squeeze between the basil ganglia and thalamus?
Internal capsule
27
Corticospinal fibers travel from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord. Based on this description, we know they are?
Projection fibers
28
Inner layer of the cerebrum
Thinnest layer of the meninges
29
Match term to description: cerebral cortex
Grey matter
30
Dura mater
Toughest layer of the meninges
31
Association fibers
Communicate within hemispheres
32
Arachnoid layer
Contains collagen, arteries and veins
33
Circle of Willis
Equalizes arterial flow between hemispheres
34
What structures comprise the basal ganglia
Caudate nucleus
Globulus pallidus
Putanem
Substantia nigra
Subthalamaus
35
What is an involuntary motor response to some type of sensory stimulus?
Reflex
36
What are the 3 types of structural types of neurons found in vertebrae’s
1. Bipolar
2. Pseudounipolar
3. Multipolar
37
Description of bipolar neuron
neurons have two extensions projecting from opposite sides of the soma. Bipolar neurons are mainly found in the retina.
38
Description of pseudounipolar neuron
have one extension projecting from the soma that splits to go in opposite directions. The dendrites extend from one end of the projection, while the axon extends from the opposite end. These types of. Neurons are mostly sensory/afferent neurons sending information from the body to the brain for action to be taken.
39
Description of multipolar neuron
One major extension acts as axon and output site. Smaller extensions from soma operate as input locations or dendrites
40
3 characteristics of an axon that affect the speed it conducts impulse transmission
Diameter, length, myelination
41
Function of microglia
Consumer harmful substances
Assist in immune response
42
Which glial cells have a role in the blood brain barrier
Astrocytes
43
____produce myelin in CNS. ______ produce myelin in PNS
Oligodendroglia
Schwann cells
44
The driving force that causes an ion to move in order to achieve uniform distribution is a
Concentration gradient
45
The driving force that causes an ion to move because of its positive or negative charge is an
Electrical gradient
46
Explain the driving forces that act on sodium (Na+)
The driving force, concentration gradient, acts on sodium (Na+) because there’s a more significant concentration of Na+ outside the cell membrane than inside. When the Na+ channels are open, Na+ flows into the cell because has a lower concentration of Na+. The driving force, electrical gradient, acts on Na+ in that Na+ is a positive ion, whereas the inside of the cell membrane has a negative charge, therefore attracting the Na+ and drawing it into the cell when the sodium channels are open.
47
Positive and negative ions on each side of the cell membrane creates the_____
because the two sides of the membrane are _
Membrane potential
Polarized
48
What is the axon’s resting membrane potential?
-60 to -70
49
What is an actin potential and where is it initiated?
A rapid change in membrane potential at a specific location on the axon that is then propagated down the axon
Axon hillock
50
Explain how the depolarization stage of an action potential occurs and provide the change in electrical charge during depolarization.
When a membrane reaches threshold it causes the sodium channels to open. 2 forces cause the sodium to enter the cell. One is the concentration gradient which. Means that because there is more sodium on the outside it is going to want to go inside the cell where there is less sodium. The other driving force is the electrical gradient. sodium has a positive charge and the inside of the cell has a negative charge. This also causes sodium to rush into the cell. This is depolarization, which causes the inside of the cell to become more positive than negative.
51
Explain the repolarization and hyperpolarization stages of an action potential (including how K+ channels operate and the driving forces on K+). How does the axon get back to resting potential?
Repolarization: sodium channels close faster than potassium channels. Since the potassium channels are still open because of the electrochemical gradient potassium starts to leave the cell causing the cell to start to return to its resting potential. The sodium/potassium pump is still working in this process.
Hyperpolarization: At this point in the process there is more potassium on the outside of the cell than the inside so it has exceeded resting potential. At this point all of the sodium and potassium gates are closed but the sodium/potassium pump is still working which restores the cell to its resting potential.
52
Depolarization in the axon terminals opens _______ channels. This causes ________ to move and bind to the cel membrane, releasing ________ into the synaptic cleft. This describes the ________ phase of the synapse.
Calcium
Synaptic vesicles
Neurotransmitters
Transmission
53
During the reception phase of a synapse, neurotransmitters generate _______________ in the postsynaptic membrane. These may be ______________ or ____________.
Postsynaptic potential…
Excitatory postsynaptic potentials
Inhibitatory postsynaptic potentials
54
List 3 ways a synaptic transmission is ended
DIFFUSION, ENZYMATIC DEGRADATION, AND REUPTAKE.
55
List two mechanisms by which an axon reaches firing threshold
Temporal and spatial summation
56
Explain the all or none principle with regard to action potentials
Once an action potential reaches the threshold and is generated, it cannot be stopped
The all-or-none principle is for the "response" to a stimulus. The stimulation strength can be different, only when the stimulus exceeds the threshold potential, the nerve will give a complete response; otherwise, there is no response.
57
Sheets of cell bodies combine to form _______.
Groups of cell bodies in the CNS are called __________.
Groups of cell bodies in the PNS are called ___________.
All of these are __________
Cortex
Nuclei
Ganglia
Gray matter
58
What does white matter consist of
Myelinated axons
59
Summarize the functions of the spinal cord
The spinal cord’s most basic function is reflexive activity.
Primary link between the body and the central nervous system
Primary input and output for the sensory/motor system
Communicates with the peripheral of the body to the cortex
60
The dorsal column of the spinal cord location and type of fiber
Posterior aspect of the s.c.
Sensory fibers/ascending
61
What separates the fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus
Dorsointermediate sulcus (maybe should be septum)
62
7. Describe the fibers of the various fasciculus of the spinal cord and their location. (Include information such as whether they are ascending/descending; gray/white matter, etc.)
There are 3 major fasciculus in the spinal cord, they are the dorsal, lateral, and anterior fasciculus.
The dorsal columns are only ascending and they carry sensory information from the body to the brainstem. Carries somatic sensory inputs related to discriminative touch and proprioception. Consists of gracile and cuneate fasciculus. Located on the posterior portion of the spinal cord. Gracile and cuneate fasciculus
The lateral fasciculus contains both ascending and descending tracts. Ascending is spinocerebellar tract and lateral spinothalamic tract (segment of anterolateral system). The descending tracts - lateral corticospinal and rubrospinal tracts. Innervate motor neurons that project to muscles and glands. Tracts are involved in the sensorimotor control of the body. Lateral tracts are located laterally or on the side portions of the spinal cord.
The anterior fasciculus has both ascending and descending tracts. The ascending pathways transmit noxious and thermal information to the brain, the descending tracts is involved with upper body posture and control of the axial muscles of the trunk. These tracts are locating ventrally or the front of the spinal cord.
63
Upper, middle, and lower portion of the brainstem
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla
64
What and where is the pyramidal decussation? Be specific
The pyramidal decussation is located on the midbrain….(probably need to be more specific and say WHERE on the midbrain). This is where the majority of the corticospinal fibers from the pyramids cross to the contralateral side as they descend to the spinal cord.
65
What is the reticular formation?
The central core of the brainstem that contains fibers for regulating heart, respiration, digestion, motivation, and attention
66
Similarities and differences b/w the cerebral peduncles and cerebellar peduncles
********need to review. Only got 3/4******
The peduncles are similar in that they are located on the brainstem and communicate with the brainstem?????????
The peduncles differ in that the communication for the cerebral peduncles is going between the cerebrum and the brainstem. The cerebellar peduncles are communicating between the cerebellum and brainstem.
What is communicated is also different. The cerebral peduncles are concerned primarily with motor functions, whereas the cerebellar peduncles are communicating information concerning balance and movement. The cerebral peduncles contain the coritcospinal and corticobulbar tracts which are important for the control of muscles important for speech and swallowing.
67
Cranial nerves and are sensory, motor, or both?
CN I - S
CN II - S
CN III - M
CN IV - M
CN V - B
CN VI - M
CN VII - B
CN VIII - S
CN IX - B
CN X - B
CN XI - M
CN XII - M
Some say marry (for) money but my brother says big brains matter most
68
Cranial nerve function and what it innervates
See handouts
Trochlear is double vision
Optic is optic chasm
Oculomotor is pupil reflex
Abducens is eye motion
69
Vagus nerve function for cough and gag reflex
Cough reflex - reaction to stimulation of the bronchial passages, pharynx and larynx sensory nerves of the vagus which initiate the cough reflex
Gag reflex is triggered by glossopharyngeal and vagus motor aspects respond by causing the muscles of the pharynx to contract.
70
Diagram of cranial nerves
See diagram in phone
View is usually in order of CN
Oh, oh, oh to touch and feel very good veggies, a hoot!
71
Tongue Innervation
Sensory/taste 2/3 anterior (5, 7), sensory/taste 1/3 posterior (9, 9) and Innervate intrinsic and extrinsic (12)
72
If there is a lesion and it clauses monocular blindness which nerve is it on?
Optic
73
What are the functional classifications of neurons
Efferent - motor
Afferent - sensory
Interneurons - communicate between neurons
74
What are the gaps in myelin called?
Nodes of ranvier - help message skip faster because have sodium channels that open
75
What are the segments of myelin called?
Internodes
76
What are the 3 types of macroglia?
Oligodendroglia
Schwann cells
Astrocytes
77
2 classifications of glial cells
Microglia
Macroglia
78
What are the 3 types of gating mechanisms?
1. Ligand-gating
2. Voltage-gating
3. Mechanical gating
79
What is ligand gating?
Chemical process allowing the passage of neurotransmitters during a synapse
Lock and key - specific neurotransmitters are allowed to pass - if it doesn’t fit lock, it won’t pass
Usually unmylenated
80
What is voltage gating?
Occurs in the axon during the transmission of the signal (AP)
Responding to charge in electrical potential
81
What is mechanical gating?
Occurs with certain types of sensory receptors, that physically open gates
When there is strain, stretch, or pressure on cell membrane
82
What is RMP?
The baseline or resting condition of the neuron, this is when it is ready to fire
83
What is an electrical synapse?
Aka gap junction
Occurs by sending an electrical signal across the gap, which stimulates the receiving neuron
Allows for fast transmission, but has no flexibility .
Occurs in cochlea and retina
Can be bi-directional
84
What is a chemical synapse
Tranmission of signal via neurotransmitters
The presynaptic terminal (terminal boutons) contains synaptic vesicles, which contain chemicals called neurotransmitters. They are released into the synaptic cleft
85
How is neural integration accomplished?
Spatial and temporal summation
86
What is spatial summation
combined effect of multiple signals arriving at different locations on a neuron at roughly the same time
87
What is temporal summation?
combined effect of a single neuron sending rapid, successive signals to another neuron within a short time frame
88
Gray and white matter in the spinal cord
White matter is myelinated axons
Gray matter is soma/cell bodies in an H shape
89
Dorsal roots of spinal cord
Sensory and afferent
90
Ventral roots of teh spinal cord
Motor - efferent
91
What is a dermatome
Area of the body that is supplied by a single dorsal root - always sensory
92
What is a myotome?
Relates to motor movement. Group of muscles that is innervated by a single spinal nerve root
Myo = muscle
Tome = section
93
Explain upper motor neurons and their relationship to lower motor neurons
UMN originated in the CNS, LMN originated in the spinal cord.
UMN send information to spinal cord and brainstem.
UMN activate LMN to get muscle movement
LMN send messages to muscles
94
Cranial nerve nuclei in medulla
CN 8, 9, 10, 11,12
95
CN of pons
CN 5, 6, 7
96
CN of midbrain
CN 3, 4
97
Optic nerve associated with
Optic chasm
98
CN III occulomotor - function
Pupillary reflex
99
CN V Trigeminal
3 branches: ophthalmic, maxillary, mandibular
Sensation in face, scalp, teeth
Contraction of muscles of mastication
100
CN VII Facial
Contraction of facial muscles
Secretion of saliva
Taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue
101
CN IX Glossopharyngeal
Taste posterior 1/3 of tongue
Contraction of pharynx
Secretion of saliva
102
CN X Vagus
Sensation and movement of the heart, lungs, larynx, pharynx, GI tract
103
Parietal association area
Visual guidance of action
Spatial perception
Spatial attention
104
Temporal association area
Ability to recognize, identify, name and understand the significance of complex stimuli
Integrates visual and auditory to recognize objects
105
Frontal lobe association area
Mediate executive function behaviors and working memory
106
Limbic system association area function
Serves behaviors spanning from memory to emotional regulation
107
Cerebellum function
Balance and motor coordination
108
Major function of medulla
Communication highway
Critical link between spinal cord and cerebrum and cerebellum
Reticular formation controls blood pressure, heart rate, deep rhythmic breathing
109
External features of medulla
Anterior median fissure
Pyramids (corticospinal tracts) - descending tracts that play crucial role in control voluntary movements
Decussation of pyramids
Olives - somatosensory input to cerebellar during coordination of movement
Nerves 8-12
110
Internal features of medulla
Medial lemniscus (sensory info about fine touch, vibration, proprioception (body position))
Anterior lateral tracts (sensory)
Corticospinal tract descending motor
Vestibular nuclei
Cochlear nuclei
111
Major function of pons
Relays sensory info to cerebellum
Connects forebrain to hindbrain
Regulates breathing
Involved in control of sleep cycles
112
External features of the pons
Trigeminal system CN 5
Superiors, middle and inferior cerebellar peduncles (connects pons to cerebellum, which is the connection of the forebrain to hindbrain)
Rhomboid fossa - ventral most of ventricle 4
CN 6, 7
113
Internal features of pons
2 general sections:
Basilar pons and pontine tegmentum
114
Basilar pons consists of
Corticospinal and corticobulbar fibers that become the pyramids of medulla
-voluntary movements: spinal = limbs, bulbar = face
Fibers of the cerebellar peduncles
Pontine nuclei - pockets of gray matter
115
Tegmentum of the pons
Pontine reticular formation - apneustic and pneumotaxic centers - promote and inhibit respiration
Medial lemiscus - sensory tract - info about touch, pressure, and body position
Anterolateral tract - noxious and thermal sensory input
Nuclei: vestibular, spinal trigeminal, cochlear, facial, abducens and superior Olivary nucleus (key component of the central auditory pathway
116
Major function of midbrain - also known as mesencephalon
Center for CN III and IV (eye motion)
Motor control functions of the cerebellum (coordination of skilled movements)
Basal ganglia - initiation and termination of actions plans
Sound and visual processing
117
Mid brain 3 anatomical and functional zones along ventral to dorsal axis
1. Crus cerebri
2. Tegmentum (middle section)
3. Dorsal portion called tectum
118
Crus cerebri
Key fiber tracts: corticospinal and corticobulbar pathways
119
Tegmentum of midbrain
Similar to tegmentum of pons
CN nuclei 3 & 4
Continuation of periaqueductal gray
Nuclei that mediate a wide range of motor related activities, including coordination, initiation and termination of movement
-red nuclei (coordination of activity cerebellum)
-Substantia nigra (initiation and termination of action
120
Tectum of midbrain
Superior colliculi - reflexively directing the eyes and head to a target in the peripheral field
Inferior colliculi - major nucleus of central auditory pathway
121
External features of midbrain
CN 3, 4
Lateral geniculate - relay station for vision
Medial geniculate - segment of central auditory pathway
Optic chiasm
Optic tract
Mammillary bodies - function as part of limbic system
Pituitary gland - releases hormones that regulate a vast array of operations
122
Internal features of midbrain
Crus cerebri (frontopontine fibers and more, corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts)
Substantia nigra (pars reticulata and pars compacta) - motor control and part of basal ganglia
Crus cerebri and Substantia nigra = cerebral peduncles
Tegmentum
-inferior and superior colliculus
-lateral lemniscus - primary fiber tracts of the central auditory pathway
Decussation axons of superior cerebellar peduncles
Nuclei: trochlear, oculomotor, Edinger-Westphalia, PAG and red nucleus
