Chapter 3 - Reading

Question 1

The liars club

Answer 1

Characters mother and character are all totally unregulated

Question 2

Why control ourselves at all

Answer 2

Get along and get ahead

Question 3

The need to control oneself

Answer 3

Social exclusion is really bad - triggers immune response
Avoiding exclusion means self-regulating so we do not violate a strongly held group norm
So the great challenge of social actors is to control the performance
Goffman; actors work hard to manage the impressions of others by monitoring themselves

Question 4

Freud & Merd on self-regulation

Answer 4

Self-regulation depends on the observation of the actor by an audience, be that audience in the real world or the mind. In social life, we watch others and ourselves. We regulate each other and ourselves. In this reflective, observing sense, we regulate ourselves and others.

Question 5

After 2 - I & Me

Answer 5

Once the I can reflect on the Me, the I can control the presentation of the self on the central stage.

Question 6

What assists the I to control the me?

Answer 6

Control emotions; embarrassment, shame, pride, guilt

Over time we learn what produces these and become used to working with them or socialized into behaviour that respects them

Question 7

Being observed and prosocial behaviour

Mirror

Objective self awareness

Answer 7

Leads to prosocial behaviour
Even if the observer is just a mirror
Objective self awareness whereby the actor becomes explicitly aware of the self as an object of perception
Such an awareness is a check on the free expression of impulses, urges and disruptive emotions

Question 8

Social factors influence the mirror test

Answer 8

Japanese people are less influent by mirrors
Culturally, their social group monitors the individual so the state of objective self-awareness ,ay be more the explicit norm in japan than NA
Metaphorically, the Japanese have mirrors in their heads

Question 9

Ego depletion

Answer 9

Yeah right

Question 10

Emotions function

Answer 10

The provide advisory functions
Functional appraisals of self and the world
Give you advice on how things are going
Regulating these into advise is the fx of self regulation

Question 11

New borns and self-regulation

Answer 11

cannot self-regulate

people sooth and caress them

Question 12

Cultural norms regarding baseline emotions

Answer 12

Individualistic - high arousal, positive affect
Might even encourage venting negative emotions

Collectivist - Dampen joy as well as anger
Strong emotional expressions threaten the collective harmony
Reinforce low arousal, positive eg joy

Question 13

Emotion regulation

6 months old

Answer 13

Turn away from unpleasant stimuli

Question 14

Emotion regulation

12 months

Answer 14

Rock themselves

Move away from upsetting things

Question 15

2 years

Answer 15

Cope with frustration by talking to companions
Playing with toys
Distracting themselves from sources of -ve
Knit their brows and compress lips to suppress negative emotion

Question 16

2-3 years

Answer 16

More strategic
Instead of fear/anger - turn to caretaker and look sad
Learned its more successful in recruiting support

Question 17

Securely attached kids

Answer 17

Healthier patterns of cortisol
Can check with care givers to learn of behaviour is good or bad
Therefore better emotional regulation and behaviour

Question 18

Internalized working model

Answer 18

Established of attachment relationship
Taken from one situation from another
therefore never on stage alone

Question 19

Marshmallow test

Answer 19

30% successful
Better SATs, friendships, less behavior issues etc
Exerted effort to control their impulses

Question 20

Executive Control

Answer 20

Child’s active and voluntary capacity to withhold a dominant response in order to enact a subordinate response given situational demands
It is a temperament dimension, kids have more or less of it

Question 21

Girls vs boys EC

Answer 21

Girls higher than boys

Question 22

SES and EC

Answer 22

Low SES = low EC

Question 23

East vs west EC

Answer 23

East better. Emphasize this culturally

Question 24

EC and conscience

Answer 24

EC is a temperament foundation for the development of a conscience

A conscience is rule-compatible conduct + moral emotions

EC may clear other thoughts and allow more empathy

Question 25

Moral emotions

Answer 25

Empathy and guilt

Question 26

Guilt is good

Answer 26

Causes apologetic behaviour and the anticipation of guilt can prevent bad behavior People high in guilt do less crime

Question 27

Executive Attention Network

Answer 27

EC and the development of a conscience require this Inhibits thoughts that decrease the ability to analyze a situation Prioritize long term goals over short term pleasure Prefrontal Cortex and Anterior Cingulate Cortex

Question 28

Pre frontal cortex

Answer 28

Planning complex behaviour Role in self-regulation as shown by Phineas gage PFC guides inputs and connections that allow EC to achieve self-control

Question 29

Anterior Cingulate Cortex

Answer 29

Around corpus callosum Spindle cells activate when switching between thoughts Focuses attn on the challenging features of the task at hand, evaluating the severity of the problem, and guiding the actors towards the appropriate behavioral response Predicts the outcome before the action is performed Supports the cognitive operations with which people think before they act

Question 30

Seratonin

Answer 30

Implicated in the development of EC and self regulation Some people get higher serotonin function which is efficient and adaptive, some get less Serotonin might affect the relationship between the two human modes of responding

Question 31

2 modes of human responding

Answer 31

1 basic, unconscious, immediate 2 rational and strategic Effective regulation must drop 1 Serotonin function increases 2. Low S fx = low 2 Experimentally, more Ser, more 2 Low serotonin leads to hostility and sensation seeking In kids, low SER associated with externalizing problems and ADHA In adults, violence and BPD

Question 32

EC as a precursor

Answer 32

Important precursor to A and C

Question 33

C

Answer 33

How hard working and self-disciplined and reliable a person is

Question 34

A

Answer 34

Nice is not a good enough word Best traits of humanity Low A = worst traits

Question 35

C & A are associated with

Answer 35

A & C are different But both are associated with better marriages, attachment and low divorce High C = less cheating

Question 36

Work, school and C

Answer 36

Predicts for good outcomes The path to success for high C people is homework, studying, persevering even if dull People high in C see work as a big part of them They take job losses harder than low C people

Question 37

High A and work

Answer 37

Also invest a lot in work Trustworthy and reliable Associated with lower pay, especially for men Why? Job choice - helping professions Men are supposed to be dominant so nice guys are at a disadvantage Pays to be at least a bit disagreeable

Question 38

C and A and health correlents

Answer 38

Both linked to health C more so High C is an excellent predictor of low mortality High C: low risk taking Less externalizing in kids, violent crime and suicide in adults Better health behaviors and safer sex Lower obesity Low C, E and high N is associated with obesity

Question 39

Summary on C & A

Answer 39

In order to live well in love and work, self-regulation is important. C + A = your ego and ties into the emergence of self-regulation such as EC, the development of a conscience and moral emotions such as guilt and empathy

Question 40

Guilt, empathy, A & C

Answer 40

High C is worried a lot about guilt. Does not have more, just worries more so may avoid it more High A might do similar things for empathy

Question 41

Positive parts of agression

Answer 41

Conflict can bind in groups together | People maintain societies with the use of legitimate (socially sanctioned) force like police and prisons

Question 42

Aggression as bad

Answer 42

Anti social behaviour Kids who do this have externalizing behaviors Adults who do this and have no empathy = sociopathy

Question 43

Where does aggressive behavior come from

Answer 43

``` Temperament traits Parenting practices Family relations Peer interactions SES Culture ```

Question 44

Where does aggressive behavior come from Pattern

Answer 44

1 - temperament tendencies towards anger and hostility 2 - Ineffective, inconsistent parenting which uses physical punishment 3 - Poorly regulated behavior entailing aggressive outbursts which leads to 4 - poor school performance and -5- peer rejection in school which can lead to an alliance with deviant kids who 7 - reinforce, glorify aggression and antisocial behaviour

Question 45

Who is most likely to be aggressive?

Answer 45

Low SES boys