Chapter 3, Section 1 Flashcards
(122 cards)
1
Q
What are the three categories of protists?
A
Animal like protist, plantlike protist, and funguslike protists
They are classified by how they move and live.
2
Q
What are two common characteristics found in all protists?
A
Protists are eukaryotes and all live in moist surroundings.
3
Q
What is another word for animal like protists?
A
Protozoans
4
Q
Are protozoans unicellular or multicellular?
A
Unlike animals, protozoans are unicellular.
5
Q
Animal like protists are ___________, and most are able to _________ from place to place to obtain _________.
A
Animal like protists are heterotrophs, and most are able to move from place to place to obtain food.
6
Q
What are the four groups protozoans are classified into?
A
Protozoans with pseudopods
Protozoans with cilia
Protozoans with flagella
Protozoans that are parasites
7
Q
What is a “false foot” called or temporary bulge of cytoplasm?
A
Pseudopod
8
Q
What is a group of protozoans called that move and feed by forming pseudopods?
A
Sarcodines
9
Q
What is an example of a sarcodine?
A
Amoeba
10
Q
When does a pseudopod form and what does it do?
A
Pseudopods form when cytoplasm flows toward one location and the rest of the organism follows. Pseudopods enable sarcodines to move and to trap food.
11
Q
What causes an amoeba’s shape to change constantly?
A
An amoeba’s shape changes constantly because the cell membrane is very thin and flexible.
12
Q
How do amoebas reproduce?
A
Binary fission
13
Q
What does the nucleus in the amoeba do?
A
The nucleus controls the cells functions and is involved in reproduction.
14
Q
What does the contractile vacuole in an amoeba do?
A
The contractile vacuole collects excess water from the cytoplasm and expels it from the cell.
15
Q
How does the food vacuole form and what does it do in the amoeba?
A
When the ends of two pseudopods fuse, they form a food vacuole. Food is broken down inside the food vacuole in the cytoplasm.
16
Q
What are cilia and what are the protist called who have cilia?
A
Cilia are hair-like projections from cells that move with a wavelike motion. Protists with cilia are called ciliates.
17
Q
What do ciliates use their cilia to do?
A
Ciliates use their cilia to move and obtain food. They are movement sweeps food into the organism.
18
Q
What is the name example of a ciliate?
A
Paramecium
19
Q
Why do paramecia have two nuclei?
A
The large nucleus controls every day tasks of the cell. The small nucleus functions in reproduction.
20
Q
How do paramecium reproduce?
A
Paramecia usually reproduce asexually by binnary fission. Sometimes however paramecia reproduce sexually by conjugation.
21
Q
What is the function of an anal pore in a paramecia?
A
Waste leaves through the anal pore.
22
Q
How many contractile vacuoles does a paramecium have?
A
2
23
Q
What is a pellicle and what does it do?
A
A pellicle is a stiff but flexible covering in a paramecium. It surrounds the paramecium and gives it shape.
24
Q
What is the oral groove in a paramecium?
A
The oral groove is a funnel like indentation lined with cilia. The cilia move water containing food into the vacuole that forms at the end of the oral groove.
25
Where does the food vacuole form and what does it do in the paramecium?
A food vacuole forms and pinches off from the oral groove. It moves into the cytoplasm. Inside the vacuole, the food is broken down and then distributed.
26
Where do paramecium live and what do they feed on?
Paramecia live mostly in freshwater. They feed on bacteria and smaller protists.
27
Where do amoebas live and what do they feed on?
Amoebas live in either water or soil. They feed on bacteria and smaller protists.
28
True or false
| All protists are eukaryotes.
True
29
True or false
| The protist kingdom is referred to as the "odds and ends" kingdom.
True
30
True or false
| All protists are microscopic.
False
31
What is the group of protozoans called that use a long with like flagella to move?
Flagellates
32
True or false
| Flagellates have only one flagella.
False
33
What is a close relationship in which at least one of the species benefits?
Symbiosis
34
What is a type of symbiosis in which both partners benefit from living together in the relationship?
Mutualism
35
Give an example of a flagellate that is helpful?
One type of flagellate lives in the intestines of termites where they help the termite digest the wood. In turn the termite protects the flagellate.
36
Give an example of a flagellate that is harmful?
Giardia is a parasite that lives in fresh water. When a person drinks water containing Giardia, these flagellates attach to the person's intestines and cause a serious intestinal condition called hikers disease.
37
What is a parasite?
A parasite feeds on cells and body fluids of their hosts.
38
Which protozoan is characterized more by the way they live than the way they move?
Parasites
39
What are some ways that parasites move?
Some have flagella, and some depend on hosts for transport. One even produces a layer of slime that allows it to slide from place to place.
40
Give an example of a parasite that uses more than one host?
Plasmodium is a protozoan that causes malaria, a disease of the blood. The disease spreads when a healthy mosquito bites a person with malaria, the mosquito becomes infected, and then bites a healthy person, who then becomes infected.
41
What are plant like protists commonly called?
Algae
42
Like plants, algae are __________.
Autotrophs. They are able to use the sun's energy to make their own food.
43
What are two ways that algae play a significant role in many environments?
Algae that live near the surface of ponds, lakes, and oceans are an important food source for other organisms in the water. Also, much of the oxygen in earth's atmosphere is made by algae.
44
True or false
| Algae very greatly in size.
True
45
Are algae unicellular or multicellular?
Some algae are unicellular, while others are multicellular, and some live in colonies.
46
Why do algae exist in a wide variety of colors? And what colors can they be?
Algae exist in a wide range of colors because they contain many types of pigments. Depending on their pigments, algae can be green, yellow, red, brown, orange, or even black.
47
What are unicellular protist with beautiful glasslike cell walls called?
Diatoms
48
When diatoms die, their cell walls collect on the bottoms of oceans and lakes. Over time, they form layers of a course substance called what?
Diatomaceous
49
What are unicellular algae surrounded by stiff plates that look like a suit of armor?
Dinoflagellates
50
How do dinoflagellates whirl through the water?
All dinoflagellates have two flagella that help them to twirl like toy tops as they move through the water. Also, many glow in the dark!
51
What is one unique characteristic about the euglenoids?
Most euglenoids are autotrophs that produce their own food. However, when sunlight is not available euglenoids will act like heterotrophs by obtaining food from the environment.
52
What is a common euglenoid that lives in freshwater?
Euglena
53
Why is that I spot on the Euglena important?
Although the eyespot is not really an eye, it contains pigments. These pigments are sensitive to light and help the Euglena recognize the direction of a light source. This is important for the Euglena to make food.
54
What are the parts of a Euglena?
The Euglena has a flagellum, an eyespot, a contractile vacuole, a nucleus, a pellicle, and chloroplast.
55
Which algae are multicellular seaweed that can be found 260 meters below the ocean surface?
Red algae
56
What are three things red algae can be used for?
Carrageenan can be extracted from the red algae and used in ice cream. Also, red algae can be used in hair conditioner. And in Asian cultures, red algae is a food that is eaten fresh, dried, or toasted.
57
Which plant like protist is most closely related to plants?
Green algae and contains green pigment, like plants.
58
Are green algae unicellular or multicellular?
Green algae range in size from unicellular organisms to multicellular seaweeds. Some even form colonies.
59
Which algae is most commonly called seaweed?
Brown algae
60
What are the parts of a typical brown algae?
Blade, bladder, stalk, and holdfast.
61
Where do brown algae live?
Brown algae called rockweed live along the Atlantic coast of North America. Giant kelps live in some pacific coastal waters.
62
What is one use of brown algae?
Substances called algins are extracted from brown algae and used as thickners in puddings and other foods.
63
Why are fungi called the "sort of like" organisms?
Fungi are "sort of like" animals because they are heterotrophs, but they are "sort of like" plants because their cells have cell walls.
64
What do fungi use to reproduce?
Spores
65
What is a tiny cell that is able to grow into a new organism called?
A spore
66
Are funguslike protist able to move at some point in their life? Yes or no?
Yes
67
What are the three types of funguslike protists?
Slime molds, water molds, and downy mildews
68
Explain the lifecycle of a slime mold?
Slime molds begin as tiny, amoeba like cells. The cells use pseudopods to feed and creep around. Later, the cells grow bigger or join together to form a giant, jelly like mass. Spore producing structures grow out of the mass and release spores. Eventually the spores develop into a new generation of slime molds.
69
Where do water mold and downy mildews live?
They live in water or moist places.
70
What do water mold and downy mildews look like and what do they attack?
These organisms often grow as tiny threads that look like fuzz. They attack many food crops, such as potatoes, corn, and grapes.
71
In what ways are funguslike protist similar to fungi?
Like fungi, funguslike protists are heterotrophs, have cell walls, and use spores to reproduce.
72
True or false
| Diatoms are a food source for heterotrophs in water.
True
73
```
Which of the following plantlike protist are used in household products?
A. Dinoflagellates
B. Euglenoids
C. Diatoms
D. Red Algae
```
C
74
Are euglenoids unicellular or multicellular?
Unicellular
75
Which kind of algae can grow as long as 100 meters forming underwater forests where many organisms live?
Brown algae
76
Where do slime molds live?
Forest floors and moist, shady places
77
What is the rapid growth of a population of algae called?
Algal bloom
78
Can algal blooms occur in salt water? Freshwater? Or both?
Both
79
When do you algal blooms occur?
Algal blooms occur when nutrients increase in the waters.
80
What are saltwater algal blooms commonly called? And why?
Saltwater algal blooms are commonly called red tides. Because the algae that grows rapidly often contains red pigments and turn the color of the water red.
81
True or false
| All red tides are red.
False. Not all red tides are red. Some are green and some have no color at all. It is dependent on the species of algae.
82
Scientists are not exactly sure why red tides occur. What are the reasons they suspect it does?
* Most often occur when nutrients in the water increase
* When nutrient filled bottom water layers mix with surface waters, nutrients become available to surface organisms and they proliferate or bloom
* Unusually warm waters
* Can occur in certain seasons
83
Why are red tides so dangerous?
Red tides may produce toxins harmful to humans and aquatic life. Toxins build up in shellfish and fish that eat algae. People that eat organisms containing the toxins can die or become ill. Some people can suffer from respiratory problems during red tide.
84
What are two examples of red tide that have been in the news?
Red tide's poison may have killed a dozen humpback whales in the North Atlantic off the coast of Cape Cod, Massachusetts.
Florida algae bloom leads to record manatee deaths.
85
What are two algae that frequently bloom in red tides?
Dinoflagellates and diatoms
86
What is the process where nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, build up in a lake or pond over time, causing an increase in algae growth?
Eutrophication
87
What are the two things that can increase the rate of eutrophication?
Natural events and human activities.
88
True or false
Nutrients in the water may decrease naturally causing eutrophication.
False. Nutrients in the water may increase naturally causing eutrophication.
89
What are two man-made causes for eutrophication?
* Fertilizer runoff from homes and farms
| * Sewage treatment waste water leaks into soil, which then leads into lakes and ponds.
90
What is the eutrophication sequence?
1) Layers of algae prevent sun from reaching organisms beneath the surface.
2) Organisms die and sink to the bottom
3) Decomposers, like bacteria, increase in number and use up oxygen, killing fish, etc. in the water. Only the algae survive.
91
What are the three characteristics all fungi share?
* Fungi are eukaryotes that have cell walls.
* Fungi are heterotrophs that feed by absorbing their food.
* Fungi use spores to reproduce.
* Fungi need moist warm places in which to grow.
92
True or false
Scientist believe that there are between 1.5 and 5 million species of fungi in existence, but have only identified about 5%.
True
93
How do fungi range in size?
Fungi range in size from tiny unicellular yeasts, to large multicellular fungi.
94
What are the branching, threadlike tubes that make the bodies of multicellular fungi called?
Hyphae
95
Some hyphae are continuous threads of
| ______________ that contain many ___________.
Some hyphae are continuous threads of cytoplasm that may contain many nuclei.
96
Substances move __________and __________ through the nuclei.
Substances move quickly and freely through the hyphae.
97
What a fungus looks like depends on how it's hyphae are arranged. Give two examples.
* Fuzzy looking fungi has loosely arranged hyphae.
| * Mushrooms have hyphae that are packed so tightly together they appear solid.
98
List the parts of a fungus.
Cap, gills, spores, stalk, hyphae, underground hyphae
99
What is the process of how fungi obtain food? Think about an orange!
* Fungus grow hyphae into a food source. *Digestive chemicals ooze from the hyphae into the food.
* The chemicals break down food into small substances ready to be absorbed by the hyphae.
100
True or false
| Fungi feed only on dead organisms.
False. Fungi feed on dead or living organisms.
101
What is a tiny cell that is able to produce a whole new organism called?
Spores
102
Spores are ___________ and surrounded by a
| _____________ covering.
Spores are lightweight and surrounded by a protective covering.
103
How are spores transported?
Wind and water
104
Only few spores survive as they must fall where conditions are ____________.
Favorable
105
Fungi produce spores in reproductive structures called what?
Fruiting bodies
106
When do fungi make spores asexually?
When there is adequate moisture and food.
107
What makes the spore process asexual?
The spores grow into fungi that are genetically identical to the parent.
108
Unicellular yeast cells undergo a form of asexual reproduction called what?
Budding
109
How does budding work?
* No spores are produced.
* Small yeast cells grow from the body of the parent cell.
* The new cell breaks away and lives on its own.
* The genetic material is the same as the parent cell.
110
How does sexual reproduction works in fungi?
Sexual reproduction occurs when conditions are unfavorable and the hyphae of two fungi grow together. The genetic material is mixed, and results in new spores that differ genetically from it's parents.
111
What are the three major groups of fungi? (Hint: The groups are named for the appearance of their reproductive structures)
Sac fungi-largest group of fungi
Club fungi-most poisonous fungi
Zygote fungi-fruit and bread molds
112
What are round fruiting bodies of fungi that grow underground among the roots of certain trees and can sell for several thousands of dollars per kilogram?
Truffles
113
What are the four main roles of fungi in nature?
1) They are a source of food
2) They decompose and recycle (environmental recycling)
3) Some fight disease, and others cause it
4) Some form plant root associations
114
Give two examples of fungi that people eat.
Mushrooms and yeast (used to make bread dough rise). Also, wine and alcohol, and blue cheese.
115
What does the yeast in bread dough do?
It causes the sugar in the dough to break down into simple sugars and carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide is held within a bubble and begins to inflate it, similar to someone blowing into bubble gum. This causes the dough to rise.
116
What do fungi do as decomposers?
They return essential nutrients to the soil by breaking down dead plant matter.
117
Where do fungi decomposers live?
In the soil
118
Name an example of a disease fighting fungus (mold) that kills the bacteria near it and became one of the greatest advances in medicine?
Penicillin
119
Give several examples of disease causing fungi?
1) Sac fungus in plants kills elm trees.
2) Corn smut and wheat rust kill crops. 3)Athlete's foot
4) Ringworm
120
What are fungus plant root associations?
Plant's fungal partners are hyphae which grow into or onto the plant roots. The hyphae get nutrients and water for the plants and the fungi feed on the extra food the plant makes and stores.
121
What consists of a fungus and either algae or bacteria that live together in a mutualistic relationship?
Lichen
122
Explain the mutualistic relationship of the lichen.
Fungus benefits from the food produced by the algae, and the algae in turn obtains water, shelter, and minerals from the fungus.
