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Biology 1406-03 > Chapter 3: Structure and Function of Molecules > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Structure and Function of Molecules Flashcards

1
Q

what four molecules are composed of carbon compounds?

A

proteins, DNA, carbohydrates, lipids

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2
Q

framework of biological molecules consists primarily of carbon bonded to…

A

C. H, O, N, P. S

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3
Q

carbon forms…

A

4 covalent bonds

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4
Q

hydrocarbons are

A

molecules consisting only of carbon and hydrogen

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5
Q

what allows carbon to bond with different atoms?

A

the electron configuration

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6
Q

carbon frequently bonds with

A

H, O, N

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7
Q

hydrocarbons that undergo reactions can release?

A

larger amounts of energy

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8
Q

what is an isomer?

A

compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties

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9
Q

What are the three types of isomers?

A
  1. structural isomers
  2. cis-trans isomers
  3. enantiomers
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10
Q

structural isomers

A

have different covalent arrangements of their atoms

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11
Q

cis-tans isomers

A

have the same covalent bonds but different spatial arrangements

cis isomer: x’s are on the same side

trans isomer: x’s are on the opposite side

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12
Q

enantiomers are

A

isomers that are mirror images of each other

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13
Q

What are the seven functional groups that are most important in the chemistry of life?

A
  1. hydroxyl group
  2. carbonyl group
  3. carboxyl group
  4. amino group
  5. sulfhydryl group
  6. phosphate group
  7. methyl group
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14
Q

Functional groups…

A

transform the carbon chain

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15
Q

what are the functional groups of carbohydrates?

A

-OH (hydroxyl)

C=O (carbonyl)

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16
Q

What are the functional groups of amino acids?

A
  • COOH (carboxyl)

- NH2 (amino group)

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17
Q

Sulfhydryl (-SH)

A

stabilizes protein structure and is critical in protein folding

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18
Q

What is the functional group of phospholipids and DNA

A

-OPO 3^2- (phosphate group)

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19
Q

how is the functional group phosphate unique?

A

it forma 5 bonds

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20
Q

The Methyl group (-CH3) is important for

A

gene expression

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21
Q

the most important type of phosphate is

A

ATP adenosine triphosphate

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22
Q

Macromolecules are…

A

large complex molecules

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23
Q

what are the four biological molecules?

A
  1. carbohydrates
  2. lipids
  3. proteins
  4. nucleic acids
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24
Q

A polymer is…

A

a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks

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25
A monomer is...
repeating units that serve as building
26
What macromolecules are polymers?
1. carbohydrates 2. proteins 3. nucleic acids
27
enzymes are...
specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions
28
enzymes ____ or ____ _____ polymers.
make; break down
29
What is dehydration synthesis?
two monomers bond together trough loss of a water molecule
30
What is hydrolysis?
polymers broken down to monomers by water
31
ALL enzymes are
proteins
32
carbohydrates serve as
fuel and building material
33
carbohydrates include
sugars and the polymers of sugars
34
carbohydrate monomers are...
monosaccharides
35
carbohydrates are good at
storing energy
36
carbohydrates polymer are...
polysaccharides
37
ALL carbohydrates have a 1:2:1 ratio with
H, O, C
38
monosaccharides are classified by...
1. the location of the carbonyl groups (C=O) 2. the number of carbons 3. the arrangement of the hydroxyl groups (-OH)
39
What is the difference between structural and stereo isomers?
structural isomers are identified by the location of the bonded carbonyl group. Stereo isomers are identified by the orientation of the hydroxyl group.
40
Disaccharides are
2 monosaccharides linked together by dehydration synthesis
41
monosaccharides are
the simplest sugars
42
glyosidic linkage
when carbon of a monosaccharide in a disaccharide is bonded to another monosaccharide through an oxygen atom
43
polysaccharides are
long chains of monosaccharides
44
polysaccharides are linked through
dehydration synthesis
45
polysaccharide's shape and function is determined by
the sugar monomers and the glyosidic linkages
46
structural support of polysaccharides are...
cellulose, and chitin
47
cellulose is a
major component of the plant cell wall
48
What is the storage of polysaccharides in plants and animals?
plants: starch animals: glycogen
49
fats are constructed from two smaller molecules which are..
1. glyerol | 2. fatty acid
50
Glycerol is a
3-carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon
51
a fatty acid consists of
a carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton
52
fats are linked through
ester linkages
53
phospholipids are composed of
- glycerol - 2 fatty acids (nonpolar tails) - a phosphate group (polar head)
54
carbohydrates are bonded through...
glycosidic linkages
55
functions of proteins include
- speeding up chemical reactions | - defense, storage, transport, cellular communication, movement, regulation, structural support
56
monomers of proteins are
set of 20 amino acids
57
polymers of proteins are
polypeptides
58
polypeptides are...
unbranched chains of amino acids
59
amino acids are...
molecules with amino, carboxyl, and R groups
60
hydrophobic side chains (R groups) consist of
carbohydrates (C & H)
61
hydrophilic side chains (R groups) consist of
oxygen (polar)
62
R groups that are electrically charged are considered to be
hydrophilic
63
amino acids are linked by dehydration synthesis to form covalent ____ ____.
peptide bonds
64
each polypeptide has a carboxyl and amino end which are called/
C-terminus | N-terminus
65
specific activity of proteins result from...
the unique 3-D shape
66
The four levels of protein structure are...
1. primary 2. secondary 3. tertiary 4. quaternary
67
the primary structure is
a linear sequence of amino acids ex: letters in a long word
68
the secondary structure results from
hydrogen bonds between amino acid monomer R-groups in the polypeptide chain
69
the two secondary structures are
1. alpha helix | 2. beta pleated sheet
70
the tertiary structure is formed by
the overall shape of a polypeptide, these result from interactions between R groups of secondary structures
71
What are disulfide bridges?
strong covalent bonds that reinforce the protein's structure
72
quaternary structure happens when...
a complete protein consists of multiple folded polypeptides
73
protein shape is affected by
temperature and changes in pH
74
Denaturation is...
the loss of a protein's natural shape
75
nucleic acids...
store, transport, and help express hereditary information
76
A gene is
a unit of heritance consisting of DNA which encodes the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide
77
the polymer and monomer of genes are...
polymer: nucleic acid monomer: nucleotides
78
What are the two types of nucleic acids?
1. deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | 2. ribonucleic acid (RNA)
79
DNA directs the synthesis of
messenger RNA
80
Gene expression is..
the process where DNA instructions synthesizes proteins
81
Ribosomes are the only machines that know how to read mRNA, what is this process called?
translation
82
nucleotides are composed of
- nitrogen containing base - pentose sugar - one or more phosphate groups
83
What causes the difference in the sugars of DNA and RNA
- RNA is composed of OH | - DNA is composed of H
84
What are the nitrogenous bases of DNA and RNA?
DNA- ATGC | RNA- AUCG
85
nucleotides are joined by dehydration synthesis to form a
phosphodiester linkage
86
What creates the "rails" of DNA?
a sugar-phosphate backbone
87
What forms the steps of the ladder in DNA
nitrogenous bases held together with hydrogen bonds
88
Antiparallel is the
arrangement of backbones running in opposite directions
89
Complementary base pairing is...
bonding with corresponding pair of nitrogenous base (A+T)
90
RNA is _____ _____ and can form _____ structures.
single stranded variable
91
ATP is a
nucleotide

Biology 1406-03 (10 decks)

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