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Biology 1406-03 > Chapter 6: Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Cellular Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

catabolic reactions

A

break down complex molecules to release energy

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2
Q

exergonic is…

A

release of energy

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3
Q

electron transfer plays a major role in

A

the catabolic reactions during cellular respiration

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4
Q

aerobic respiration consumes

A

organic molecules and O2 producing ATP

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5
Q

anaerobic respiration consumes

A

compounds other than O2 producing small amounts of ATP

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6
Q

fermentation is

A

a partial degradation of sugars that occurs without O2

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7
Q

what are the 3 catabolic pathways that produce ATP?

A
  1. aerobic respiration
  2. anaerobic respiration
  3. fermentation
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8
Q

cellular respiration refers to

A

aerobic respiration

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9
Q

what is consumed as fuel?

A

carbohydrates, fats, and proteins

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10
Q

cellular respiration is traced with

A

the sugar glucose

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11
Q

cellular respiration formula is

A

C6H12O6 -> 6CO2 +6H2O + Energy (ATP & heat)

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12
Q

food must be made of the same molecules that cells are made of these molecules include…

A

carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

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13
Q

food is _____ and electrons are grabbed by ____.

A

oxidized

NADH

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14
Q

cellular respiration is series of

A

redox reactions

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15
Q

transfer of electrons during chemical reactions releases

A

stored energy from organic compounds

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16
Q

released energy is used to

A

synthesize ATP

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17
Q

during cellular respiration glucose becomes

A

oxidized

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18
Q

during cellular respiration O2 becomes

A

reduced

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19
Q

NAD is a

A

coenzyme that functions as an oxidizing agent during cellular respiration

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20
Q

NADH passes electrons to the

A

electron transport chain

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21
Q

the electron transport chain passes electrons in a series of steps to regenerate

A

ATP

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22
Q

what are the stages of cellular respiration?

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. pyruvate oxidation
  3. citric acid cycle
  4. oxidative phosphorylation
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23
Q

substrate level phosphorylation…

A
  • produces a small amount of ATP

- not very efficient

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24
Q

oxidative phosphorylation is…

A

very efficient

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25
glycolysis occurs in the
cytosol of the cell
26
pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation all occur in which part of the cell?
in the mitochondria
27
oxidative phosphorylation generates...
90% of cells ATP
28
oxidative phosphorylation is powered by
redox reactions
29
oxidative phosphorylation yields up to
32 ATP
30
glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm in two stages, what are they?
1. energy investment phase | 2. energy payoff phase
31
during glycolysis _____ is being oxidized to harvest _______ energy.
glucose chemical
32
glycolysis breaks down glycose into...
2 molecules of pyruvate
33
about how many reactions occur during glycolysis?
8-10
34
glycolysis' input is
- glucose - 2 ATP - O2
35
glycolysis' output is
- 4 ATP - 2 NADH - 2 Pyruvate (3 carbon molecules)
36
glycolysis is = to __________ _________. This is not very efficient b/c what molecule still contains ALOT of energy?
substrate-level phosphorylation pyruvate
37
oxidation of glucose is complete when...
pyruvate enters the mitochondria in the presence of O2
38
pyruvate oxidizes to
acetyl CoA
39
acetyl CoA links glycolysis to the
citric acid cycle
40
the citric acid cycle completes the break down of pyruvate to
CO2
41
the input for the citric acid cycle is
2 acetyl CoA | 2 oxaloacetate
42
the outputs of the citric acid cycle are
2 ATP 8 NADH 2 FADH2 6 CO2
43
the citric cycle is a
catabolic cycle
44
the citric acid cycle happens in how many step?
8
45
the starting molecule of the citric acid cycle is
oxaloacetate
46
acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate forms
citrate
47
during steps 2-8 citrate continues to be decomposed back to _______
oxaloacetate
48
does the citric acid cycle used ATP?
no
49
the reactions of the citric acid cycle are carried out by
enzymes
50
one molecule of glucose causes
2 turns in the acetic acid cycle
51
the loss of CO2 causes
a charge of the battery
52
what couples electron transport to ATP synthesis?
chemiosmosis
53
what collects the most energy extracted from food?
NADH and FADH2
54
the electron transport chain powers ATP synthesis via
oxidative phosphorylation
55
electron carriers donate electrons to
the electron transport chain
56
the electron transport chain is in the
inner membrane of the mitochondria (cristae)
57
the electron transport consists of
multi-protein complexes
58
multi-protein complex shuttle electrons and pump H+ across the membrane leading to
proton motive force
59
as electrons pass through the electron transport chain they experience a
drop in energy
60
O2 is reduced to what during the electron transport chain
water vapor
61
the electron transport chain does NOT generate
ATP
62
the electron transport chain breaks large free-energy into
smaller units that release energy for manageably
63
chemiosmosis is a
energy-coupling mechanism
64
The electron transport chain powers proteins to pump H+ from the _______ _____ to the _________ space.
mitochondrial matrix intermembrane
65
H+ in the intermembrane space diffuses across the membrane powering
ATP synthase | a protein complex
66
ATP synthase uses Proton Motive Force to drive
phosphorylation of ATP
67
chemiosmosis is the use of
energy in a H+ gradient to drive cellular work
68
formation of ATP happens in the
F1 unit
69
one full turn of the ATP synthase produces ____ ATP
3
70
describe the flow of energy during cellular respiration
glucose ->NADH -> electron transport chain -> proton motive force -> (chemiosmosis) ATP (oxidative phosphorltation)
71
fermentation and anaerobic respiration
enables cells to produce ATP without oxygen
72
what are the two types of fermentation?
- alcohol fermentation | - lactic acid fermentation
73
fermentation uses __________ ___________ instead of an electron transport to generate ATP
substrate-level phosphorylation
74
during alcohol fermentation pyruvate is converted to
ethanol
75
what is released during alcohol fermentation?
CO2
76
during lactic acid fermentation pyruvate is reduces by NADH forming
lactate
77
does lactic acid fermentation release CO2?
no
78
the citric acid cycle completes the
energy-yielding oxidation of organic molecules

Biology 1406-03 (10 decks)

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