Chapter #3 textbook

Question 1

social perception

Answer 1

– how people form impressions of and make inferences about other people

Question 2

naïve psychology

Answer 2

– according to Heider’s theory, people practise a form of untrained psychology as they use cause‐and‐effect analyses to understand their world and other people’s behaviour

Question 3

external attributions

Answer 3

– seeing the behaviour as caused by something external to the person who performs the behaviourinternal

Question 4

attributions

Answer 4

– refers to whether the person’s behaviour is caused by personal factors, such as traits, ability, effort, or personality

Question 5

correspondent inference theory

Answer 5

– the theory that people infer whether a person’s behaviour is caused by the person’s internal disposition by looking at various factors related to the person’s action

Question 6

consistency

Answer 6

– information about whether a person’s behaviour toward a given stimulus is the same across time

Question 7

covariation theory

Answer 7

– the theory that people determine the causes of a person’s behaviour by focusing on the factors that are present when a behaviour occurs and absent when it doesn’t occur, with specific attention on the role of consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency

Question 8

consensus

Answer 8

– the first component of covariation theory and it refers to whether other people generally agree or disagree with a given person

Question 9

distinctiveness

Answer 9

– refers to whether the person generally reacts in a similar way across different situations

Question 10

intergroup attribution

Answer 10

– making attributions about one’s own and others’ behaviours based on group membership

Question 11

ethnocentrism

Answer 11

– a tendency to attribute desirable characteristics to one’s own group and undesirable characteristics to out‐groups

Question 12

fundamental attribution error/correspondence bias

Answer 12

– the tendency to overestimate the role of personal causes and underestimate the role of situational causes in explaining behaviour

Question 13

actor‐observer effect

Answer 13

– the tendency to see other people’s behaviour as caused by dispositional factors, but to see our own behaviour as caused by the situation

Question 14

belief in a just world

Answer 14

– the phenomenon in which people believe that bad things happen to bad people and that good things to good people

Question 15

two‐stage model of attribution

Answer 15

– a model in which people first automatically interpret a person’s behaviour as caused by dispositional factors, and then later adjust this interpretation by taking into account situational factors that may have contributed to the behaviour

Question 16

cultural display rules

Answer 16

– rules in a culture that govern how universal emotions should be expressed