Chapter #5 Flashcards
(16 cards)
attitudes
– positive and negative evaluations of people, objects, events, and ideas
classical conditioning
– a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with a stimulus that elicits a specific response, and eventually the neutral stimulus elicits that response on its own
mere exposure
– the phenomenon by which the greater the exposure that we have to a given stimulus, the more we like it
subliminal persuasion
– a type of persuasion that occurs when stimuli are presented at a very rapid and unconscious level
operant conditioning
– a type of learning in which behaviour that is rewarded increases, whereas behaviour that is punished decreases
observational learning/modelling
– a type of learning in which people’s attitudes and behaviour are influenced by watching other people’s attitudes and behaviour
social norms
– the implicit and explicit rules that a specific group has for its members on values, beliefs, attitudes, and behaviours
theory of planned behaviour
– a theory that describes people’s behaviour caused by their attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control
prototype/willingness model
– a model that describes the role of prototypes in influencing a person’s willingness to engage in the behaviour in a given situation
trans‐theoretical model (TTM)
– a model that views a change in behaviour as a progression through a series of stages, including pre‐contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance
cognitive dissonance theory
– a theory that describes attitude change as occurring in order to reduce the unpleasant arousal people experience when they engage in a behaviour that conflicts with their attitude or when they hold two conflicting attitudes
self‐standards model
– a model that proposes people experience discomfort whenever they see their behaviour as deviating from some type of important personal or normative standard, but that the strategy they use to reduce this dissonance will depend on what thoughts about the self are currently accessible
self‐perception theory
– the theory that people infer their attitudes by simply observing their behaviour
impression management theory
– a theory that individuals try to maintain impressions that are consistent with the perceptions they want to convey to others
self-affirmation theory
– a theory that describes how people can reduce the arousal caused by cognitive dissonance by affirming a different part of their identities, even if that part is completely unrelated to the cause of the arousal
