Chapter 3 - The Cellular Level Of Organization Flashcards

1
Q

Active Transport

A

Form of transport across the cell membrane that requires input of cellular energy

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2
Q

Amphipathic

A

Describes a molecule that exhibits a difference in polarity between its two ends, resulting in a difference in water solubility

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3
Q

Anaphase

A

Third stage of mitosis (and meiosis), during which sister chromatids separate into two new nuclear regions of a dividing cell

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4
Q

Anticodon

A

Consecutive sequence of three nucleotides on a tRNA molecule that is complementary to a specific codon in an mRNA molecule

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5
Q

Autolysis

A

Breakdown of cells by their own enzymatic action

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6
Q

Autophagy

A

Lysosomal breakdown of a cell’s own components

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7
Q

Cell cycle

A

Life cycle of a single cell, from its birth until its division into two new daughter cells

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8
Q

Cell membrane

A

Membrane surrounding all animal cells, composed of a lipid bilateral interspersed with various molecules; also known as plasma membrane

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9
Q

Centriole

A

Small, self-replicating organelle that provides the origin for microtubule growth and moves DNA during cell division

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10
Q

Centromere

A

Region of attachment for two sister chromatids

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11
Q

Centrosome

A

Cellular structure that organizes microtubules during cell division

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12
Q

Channel protein

A

Membrane-spanning protein that has an inner pore which allows the passage of one or more substances

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13
Q

Checkpoint

A

Progress point in the cell cycle during which certain conditions must be met in order for the cell to proceed to a subsequence phase

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14
Q

Chromatin

A

Substance consisting of DNA and associated proteins

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15
Q

Chromosome

A

Condensed version of chromatin

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16
Q

Cilia

A

Small appendage on certain cells formed by microtubules and modified for movement of materials across the cellular surface

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17
Q

Cleavage furrow

A

Contractile ring that forms around a cell during cytokinesis that pinches the cell into two halves

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18
Q

Codon

A

Consecutive sequence of three nucleotides on an mRNA molecule that corresponds to a specific amino acid

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19
Q

Concentration gradient

A

Difference in the concentration of a substance between two regions

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20
Q

Cyclin

A

One of a group of proteins that function in the progression of the cell cycle

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21
Q

Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)

A

One of a group of enzymes associated with cyclone that help perform their functions

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22
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Final stage in cell division, where the cytoplasm divides to form two separate daughter cells

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23
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Internal material between the cell membrane and nucleus of a cell, mainly consisting of a water-based fluid called Custodio, within which are all the other organelles and cellular solute and suspended materials

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24
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

“Skeleton” of a cell; formed by rod-like proteins that support the cell’s shape and provide, among other functions, locomotive abilities

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25
Cytoplasm
Clear, semi-fluid medium of the cytoplasm, made up mostly of water
26
Diffusion
Movement of a substance from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration
27
Diploid
Condition marked by the prescience of a double complement of genetic material (two sets of chromosomes, one set inherited from each of two parents)
28
DNA polymerase polymerase
Enzyme that functions in adding new nucleotides to a growing strand of DNA during DNA replication
29
DNA replication
Process of duplicating a molecule of DNA
30
Electrical gradient
Difference in the electrical charge (potential) between two regions
31
Endocytosis
Import of material into the cell by formation of a membrane-bound vesicles
32
Econ
One of the coding regions of an mRNA molecule that remain after splicing
33
Extracellular fluid (EFC)
Fluid exterior to cells;includes the interstitial fluid, blood plasma, and fluid found in other reservoirs in the body
34
Facilitated diffusion
Diffusion of a substance with the aid of a membrane protein
35
Flagellum
Appendage on certain cells formed by microtubules and modified for movement
36
G0 phase
Phase of the cell cycle, usually entered from the G1 phase; characterized by long or permanent periods where the cell does not move forward into the DNA synthesis phase
37
G1 phase
First phase of the cell cycle, after a new cell is born
38
G2 phase
Third phase of the cell cycle, after the DNA synthesis phase
39
Gene
Functional length of DNA that provides the genetic information necessary to build a protein
40
Gene expression
Active interpretation of the information coded in a gene to produce a functional gene product
41
Genome
Entire complement of an organism’s DNA; found within virtually every cell
42
Glycocalyx
Coating of sugar molecules that surrounds the cell membrane
43
Glycoprotein
Protein that has one or more carbohydrates attached
44
Golgi apparatus
Cellular organelle formed by a series of flattened, membrane-bound sacs that functions in protein modification, tagging, packaging, and transport
45
Helicase
Enzyme that functions to separate the two DNA strands of a double helix during DNA replication
46
Histone
Family of proteins that associate with DNA in the nucleus to form chromatin
47
Homologous
Described two copies of the same chromosome (not identical), one inherited from each parent
48
Hydrophilic
Describes a substance or structure attracted to water
49
Hydrophobic
Describes a substance or structure repelled by water
50
Hypertonic
Describes a solution concentration that is higher than a reference concentration
51
Hypotonic
Describes a solution concentration that is lower than a reference concentration
52
Integral protein
Membrane-associated protein that spans the entire width of the lipid bilateral
53
Intermediate filament
Type of cytoskeletal filament made of keratin, characterized by an intermediate thickness, and playing a role in resisting cellular tension
54
Interphase
Entire life cycle of a cell, excluding mitosis
55
Interstitial fluid (IF)
Fluid in the small spaces between cells not contained within blood vessels
56
Intercellular fluid (ICF)
Fluid in the cytosine of cells
57
Intron
Non-coding regions of a pre-mRNA transcript that may be removed during splicing
58
Isotonic
Describes a solution concentration that is the same as a reference concentration
59
Kinetochore
Region of a centromere where microtubules attach to a pair of sister chromatids
60
Ligand
Molecule that binds with specificity to a specific receptor molecule
61
Lysosome
Membrane-bound cellular organelle originating from the Golgi apparatus and containing digestive enzymes
62
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Nucleotide molecule that serves as an intermediate in the genetic code between DNA and protein
63
Metaphase
Second stage of mitosis (and meiosis), characterized by the linear alignment of sister chromatids in the center of the cell
64
Metaphase
Second stage of mitosis (and meiosis), characterized by the linear alignment of sister chromatids in the center of the cell
65
Metaphase plate
Linear alignment of sister chromatids in the center of the cell, which takes place during metaphase
66
Microfilament
The thinnest of the cytoskeletal filaments; composed of actin subunits that function in the muscle concentration and cellular structural support
67
Mitochondrion
One of the cellular organelle bound by a double lipid bilateral that function primarily in the production of cellular energy (ATP)
68
Mitosis
Division of genetic material, during which the cell nucleus breaks down and two new, fully functional, nuclei are formed
69
Mitosis phase
Phase of the cell cycle in thick a cell undergoes mitosis
70
Mitotic spindle
Network of microtubules, originating from centrioles, that arranges and pulls apart chromosomes during mitosis
71
Multipotent
Describes the condition of being able to differentiate into different types of cells within a given cell lineage or small number of lineages, such as a red blood cell or white blood cell
72
Mutation
Change in the nucleotide sequence in a gene within a cell’s DNA
73
Nuclear envelope
Membrane that surrounds the nucleus; consisting of a double lipid-bilateral
74
Nuclear pore
One of the small, protein-lined openings found scattered throughout the nuclear envelope
75
Nucleolus
Small region of the nucleus that functions in ribosome synthesis
76
Nucleosome
Unit of chromatin consisting of a DNA strand wrapped around histone proteins
77
Nucleus
Cell’s central organelle;contains the cell’s DNA
78
Oligopotent
Describes the condition of being more specialized than multipotency; the condition of being able to differentiate into one of a few possible cell types
79
Organelle
Any of several types of membrane-enclosed specialized structures in the cell that perform specific functions for the cell
80
Osmosis
Diffusion of water molecules down their concentration gradient across a selectively permeable membrane