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Microbiology > Chapter 3 - Tools Of The Laboratory > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Tools Of The Laboratory Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the Five I’s

A

Inoculation, Incubation, Isolation, Inspection, Identification

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2
Q

What is a culture?

A

Cultivation of micoorganisms, appears in or on the medium after incubation

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3
Q

What is a nutrient-containing environment in which microbes can multiply?

A

Medium (plural: media)

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4
Q

What is inoculation?

A

Introduction of microbes into media for culture

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5
Q

What is it called when an instrument for sampling or inoculation is considered free of microbes?

A

Sterile

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6
Q

What is incubation?

A

The use of an incubator to create the proper growth temperature and other conditions.

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7
Q

What does microbial growth in liquid medium look like?

A

Cloudiness, sediment, scum, color

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8
Q

What does microbial growth on solid medium look like?

A

Colonies: visible masses of piled-up cells

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9
Q

What is the usual temperatures used in labs?

A

20 to 45°C

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10
Q

What is another word for sterile?

A

Aseptic meaning without contamination

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11
Q

What are the three categories of media classification?

A

Physical State, Chemical composition, and Functional Type(purpose)

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12
Q

What category is liquid, semisolid, and solid classified in?

A

Physical State

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13
Q

What is liquid media?

A

Water-based solutions that do not solidify at temperatures above freezing and flow freely in a tilted container

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14
Q

What physical state exhibits a clot-like consistency at room temperature?

A

Semisolid media

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15
Q

What is used to determine motility of bacteria

A

Semisolid media

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16
Q

What does semisolid media localize a reaction to?

A

Specific site

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17
Q

What provides a firm surface upon which cells can form discrete colonies?

A

Solid media?

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18
Q

What does solid media isolate?

A

Bacteria and fungi

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19
Q

What is a complex polysaccharide isolated form the red alga Gelidium?

A

Agar

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20
Q

What does it mean when a medium has agar in its name?

A

The medium contains 1 to 5% agar

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21
Q

What is the media called whose exact compositions are known?

A

Defined (synthetic) media

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22
Q

Defined media may contain what compounds that do not very from one source to another?

A

Pure and inorganic compounds

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23
Q

Complex media contains at least one components that is what?

A

Chemically definable

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24
Q

Which media contains extracts of animals, plants, or yeasts?

A

Complex media

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25
Blood, serum, meat extracts or infusions, milky, yeast extract, soybeans digest, and peptone are considered examples of what?
Complex media
26
What is in a rich mixture of nutrients for microbes that have complex nutritional needs?
Nutrient broth, blood agar, and MacConkey agar
27
What media grows as a broad spectrum of microbes?
General purpose media (nonselective)
28
General purpose media is a complex media that contains a mixture of ingredients that support what?
A wide variety of microbial life
29
What is enriched media?
Contains complex organic substances that fastidious bacteria require for growth
30
Selective Media contains one or more agents that do what?
Inhibit the growth of certain microbes
31
What media is important in primary isolation of a certain type of microorganism from a mixed sample?
Selective Media
32
What does differential media do?
Allow multiple types of microorganism to grow, but display visible difference between colonies
33
What media shows differences in colony size or color, media color changes, or formation of gas bubbles or precipitates?
Differential media
34
Why are possible reasons for variations in differential media?
Variations may be due to metabolism of certain ingredients that cause color change
35
What is hemolysis?
Enzymes that lyse (break down) red blood cells to release iron-rich hemoglobin
36
What blood agar is the complete lysis of red blood cells?
Beta hemolysis
37
What blood agar is the incomplete lysis of red blood cells (methemoglobin)?
Alpha hemolysis
38
What blood agar has no hemolysis?
Gamma hemolysis
39
What media’s can be both selective and differential?
MacConkey Agar and Mannitol Salt Agar
40
MacConkey Agar helps to differentiate between what?
lactose fermenters and non-fermenters
41
What are miscellaneous media’s called?
Reducing media and carbohydrate fermentation media
42
What media grows anaerobic bacteria?
Reducing media
43
What media contains sugars that can be fermented and pH indicators to show fermentation?
Carbohydrate fermentation media
44
What is a colony?
A discrete mound of cells formed on solid nutrient surface
45
What consists of just one species and no other if formed from a single cell?
Colony
46
What is a pure culture?
A container of medium that contains only a single known species or type of microorganism
47
What is free of other living things except for the one being studied?
Anexic
48
What is a second-level culture from a well isolated colony?
Subculture
49
What is a mixed culture?
A container that holds two or more identified, easily differentiated species of microorganisms
50
What kind of culture is on that was once pure or mixed that now contains contaminants, or unwanted microbes of uncertain identity?
Contaminated culture
51
What determines fundamental chemical characteristics such as nutrient requirement, products given off during growth, presence of enzymes, and mechanisms for deriving energy?
Biochemical test
52
What does genotypic testing do?
Detects microbes based on their DNA
53
Testing the isolate against known antibodies is?
Immunologic testing
54
How are microbial profiles determined?
Determined by phenotypic testing, genotypic testing, immunologic testing, macroscopic analysis, and microscopic analysis
55
How are dimensions of macroscopic organisms given?
Meters (m) and centimeters (cm)
56
What are the dimensions of microscopic organisms measured in?
Millimeters (mm), micrometers (μm) and nanometers (nm)
57
What are three properties of an effective microscope?
Magnification, Resolution, and Contrast
58
What is an ocular lens?
Lens closest to eye- eyepiece
59
What does the ocular lens form?
Virtual image
60
What is an objective lens?
The lens closes to the specimen
61
What does the objective lens form?
Forms the real image
62
What the technique called when a film that was made from a liquid suspension of cells is spread thinly on slide and allowed to air dry?
It’s called a smear technique
63
What is heat fixing?
Heat the slide gently after it has been air dried
64
What are the important functions of heat fixing?
Kills the cells, secures the specimen to the slide, preserves components in a natural state with minimal distortion.
65
What is a cationic or basic stain do?
Has a positive charge, attracted to acid, negatively charged components on bacterial cell walls
66
What does acidic (anionic) do?
Have a negative charge, repelled by acidic, negatively charged components on bacterial cell walls.
67
What is a positive charged stain attracted to?
Negatively charged cell walls
68
What is a negative stain?
Negatively charged dye is repelled by negatively charged bacterial cell walls
69
What do simple stains require?
A single dye in an uncomplicated procedure
70
What is a differential stain?
Use two differently colored stains to clearly contrast cell types or cell parts
71
How many types of stains are there?
4
72
What are the names of the 4 types of stains?
Gram stain, Acid-fast stain, endospores stain, and capsule stain
73
What is the universal diagnostic staining technique for bacteria?
Gram stain
74
What does a gram stain do?
Permits ready differentiation of major categories based on the color reaction of a cell
75
What color does Gram-positive bacteria stain?
Purple
76
What color does gram-negative bacteria stain?
Pink
77
What does an acid-Fast stain do?
Differentiates acid-fast bacteria from nonacid-fast bacteria
78
What color does acid-fast bacteria stain?
Pink
79
What color does nonacid-fast bacteria stain?
Blue
80
What do acid-fast stain detect?
Detects the agents of tuberculosis and leprosy
81
What does an endospore stain do?
Used to distinguish endospores from vegetative cells.
82
What stain detects endospore-forming members of the genera Bacillus and Clostridium?
Endospore stain
83
Why would a differential stain technique be considered “special”?
They pinpoint a particular characteristic, such as the presence of an endospore
84
What is an unstructured protective layer surrounding the cells of some bacteria and fungi called?
Capsule
85
What is flagella?
Tiny, slender filaments used by bacteria for movement
86
How does flagella need to be in order to be seen?
Must be enlarged
87
What is flagellar staining
A coating is deposited on the outside of the filament and then stained.

Microbiology (8 decks)

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