Chapter 4 - Bacteria And Archaea Flashcards
(129 cards)
1
Q
How do Bacteria and archaea package DNA?
A
Bacteria and archaea have nuclear material that is red in the cytoplasm
2
Q
How do Eukaryotes package DNA?
A
Eukaryotes have a nucleus
3
Q
Whose cell wall is made of peptidoglycan?
A
Bacteria
4
Q
Whose cell wall is distinct from bacteria and eukaryotes?
A
Archaea
5
Q
Who has no membrane-bound organelles?
A
Bacteria and archaea
6
Q
What is the cytoplasmic membrane?
A
A thin sheet of lipid and protein that surrounds the cytoplasm and controls the flow of materials into and out of the cell pool.
7
Q
Bacterial chromosome (nucleoid)
A
Composed of condensed DNA molecules.
8
Q
What directs all genetics and heredity of the cell and codes for all proteins?
A
DNA
9
Q
Ribosomes
A
Tiny particles composed of protein and RNA that are the site of protein synthesis
10
Q
Cytoplasm
A
Water based solution filling the entire cell
11
Q
S layer
A
Monolayer of protein used for protection and/or attachment
12
Q
Fimbriae
A
Fine, hairlike bristles extending from the cell surface that help in adhesion to other cells and surface
13
Q
Outer Membrane
A
Extra membrane similar to cytoplasmic membrane but also containing lipopolysaccharide.
14
Q
What does the outer membrane do?
A
Controls flow of materials, and portions of it are toxic to mammals when released.
15
Q
Cell Wall
A
A semirigid casing that provides structural support and shape for the cell.
16
Q
Actin Cytoskeleton
A
Long fibers of proteins that encircle the cell just inside the cytoplasmic membrane.
17
Q
Actin Cytoskeleton contributes to what?
A
The shape of the cell
18
Q
Pilus
A
An appendage used for drawing another bacterium close in order to transfer DNA to it.
19
Q
Capsule
A
A coating or layer of molecules external to the cell wall.
20
Q
What is the purpose of a capsule?
A
The capsule serves protective, adhesive, and receptor functions.
21
Q
What is another name for Capsule?
A
Slime layer or glycocalyx
22
Q
Inclusion/Granule
A
Storied nutrients such as fat, phosphate, or glycogen deposited in dense crystals or particles that can be tapped into when needed.
23
Q
Bacterial Microcompartments
A
Protein-coated packets used to localize enzymes and other proteins in the cytoplasm.
24
Q
Plasmid
A
Double-stranded DNA circle containing extra genes.
25
Flagellum
Specialized appendage attached to the cell by a basal body that hold a long, rotating filament.
26
What is does the rotating filament of flagellum do?
The movement pushes the cell forward and provides motility
27
Bacterial cells are capable of carrying out what necessary life activities?
Reproduction, metabolism, and nutrient processing
28
What is it called when bacteria’s act as groups?
Colonies or biofilms.
29
What is a noncellular, parasitic, protein-coated genetic elements that cause harm to host cells?
Viruses
30
How many general shapes are there for bacteria?
3
31
What shape is spheres, oval, bean-shaped, and pointed?
Coccus
32
What shape is Cylindrical, filamentous, and club shaped?
Bacillus
33
What bacteria shape is curved?
Vibrio
34
What is pleomorphism?
Variations in size and shape among cells of a single species.
35
What are diplococci?
Pairs
36
What is a tetras?
Groups of four
37
What is an irregular clusters called?
Staphylococci
38
What are chains of a few to hundreds of cells?
Streptococci
39
What is sarcina?
Cubical packet of 8, 16, or more cells.
40
What is diplobacilli?
pairs of cells with their ends attached.
41
What is Streptobacilli?
Chains of cells
42
What are cells of a chain that remain partially attached and fold back, creating a side by side row of cells?
Palisades
43
How many groups of appendages are there?
Two major groups: flagella and axial filaments/ fimbriae and pili
44
What do flagella and axial filaments provide?
Motility
45
What do Fimbriae and pili provide?
Provides attachment points and channels.
46
What does the basal body do?
Basal body anchors the hook to the cell body.
47
What is a polar flagellar arrangement?
Flagella attached at one or both ends of the cell.
48
What is a single flagellum called?
Monotrichous
49
What are small bunches or tufts of flagellum called?
Lophotrichous
50
What is amphitrichous?
Flagella at both poles of the cell
51
What is peritrichous?
Flagella are dispersed randomly over the surface of the cell
52
What is the movement in response to chemical signals called?
Chemotaxis
53
What is positive chemotaxis?
Movement of a cell in the direction of a favorable chemical stimulus.
54
What is a movement of a cell away from a repellant or potentially harmful compound?
Negative chemotaxis
55
What is the movement toward light?
Phototaxis
56
What does run mean?
Counterclockwise movement of the flagella, swims in smooth, linear direction towards stimulus.
57
What is tumble?
Flagellum reverses direction, causes cell to stop and change course, increase number of runs.
58
What is an axial filament?
Two or more long coiled threads found in spirochetes
59
What does attachment enhance in some bacteria?
Pathogenicity
60
Pilus (Plural: pili)
Associated with gram-negative bacteria
61
What provides adhesion but not locomotion?
Pilus
62
What is the partial transfer of DNA from one cell to another?
Conjugation
63
What does fimbriae (plural: fimbriae) do?
Provide adhesion but not locomotion
64
What are small, bristle-like fibers sprouting off the surface of certain species of bacteria?
Fimbriae
65
What is fimbriae responsible for?
The formation of biofilms
66
What do Escherichia Coli and the gonococcus use fimbriae for?
Use fimbriae to adhere to epithelial cells.
67
Whose composition varies, but most contain protein?
Fimbriae
68
Pili is also known as what?
Sex pilus
69
What is the structure of pili?
Long, rigid tubular structure made of pillin protein.
70
When is pili found?
Only found in gram-negative bacteria.
71
When is pili used?
Used in conjugation, the partial transfer of DNA from one cell to another
72
How is the production of pili formed?
Genetically
73
Endospores are constantly doing what where sterility and cleanliness are important?
Constant intruders
74
What resists ordinary cleaning methods such as boiling water, soaps, and disinfectants?
Endospores
75
What is the structure of an S layer?
Thousands of copies of single protein linked together and
76
When is S layer produced?
Only produced in hostile environments
77
What is S layer used for?
Used in attachment
78
Define Glycocalyx
A filamentous network off carbohydrate-rich molecules that coat cells
79
What does the Slime layer protect the cell from?
Protects cell from loss of water and nutrients and is loosely placed around the cell.
80
What is more tightly bound to the cell then the S layer?
Capsule
81
What protects the cell from phagocytosis?
Capsule and it is thicker then the slime layer
82
What forms capsules?
Capsules are formed by pathogenic bacteria
83
What do capsules protect bacteria from?
Capsules protect bacteria against phagocytes white blood cells
84
Plaque protect bacteria on teeth is an example of what?
Biofilms
85
What infects long-term indwelling of artificial devices?
Biofilms
86
What is composed of the cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane, and outer membrane?
Cell Envelope
87
Where is the site of ATP synthesis?
Cytoplasmic membrane
88
The cell envelope acts as a what kind of unit?
A single protective unit
89
What is composed of unique lipids?
Bulk of cell walls of Mycobacterium and Nocardia are composed of unique lipids
90
What is a very-long-chain fatty acid, contributes to pathogenicity, makes them resistant to chemicals and dyes?
Mycolic or cord factor
91
What is used to diagnose tuberculosis and leprosy?
Acid-fast stain
92
What naturally lacks a cell wall?
Mycoplasma
93
What has a membrane that is stabilized by sterols and is resistant to lysis?
Mycoplasma
94
What is a lipopolysaccharide?
Polysaccharide chain that functions as cell markers and receptors
95
What is an endotoxin?
It stimulates fever and shock reactions
96
What anchors the outer membrane to peptidoglycan?
Lipoproteins
97
What spans the outer membrane, allows relatively small molecules to penetrate, can be altered in size to block harmful chemicals, and defend against certain antibiotics?
Porin Protein
98
What is embedded with proteins and made of 30 to 40% phospholipids and 60 to 70% proteins?
Lipid Bilayer
99
What contains a high amount of sterols, stabilizes and reinforces the membrane?
Mycoplasmas
100
Archaea contains unique branched _____ rather than ____?
Hydrocarbons and fatty acids
101
What functions as energy reactions, nutrient processing, synthesis, and regular transport of nutrients into the cell and discharge of wast?
Cytoplasmic Membrane
102
What is selective permeability?
Water and small uncharged molecules diffuse freely
103
Selective permeability allows for _____ ______ _______ to exist for passage of most molecules.
Special carrier mechanisms
104
What is more difficult to kill than Gram-positive bacteria?
Outer membrane in Gram-negative bacteria
105
Infections with _______ bacteria are treated differently than infections with _____.
Gram-positive
| Gram-negative
106
Outer membrane in Gram-negative bacteria make them impervious to ________.
Antimicrobial chemicals
107
What can interact with human tissues and cause disease?
The cell envelope
108
What is the cytoplasm?
It’s a gelatinous solution contained by the cytoplasmic membrane
109
What is the prominent site for the cell’s biochemical and enzymatic activities?
Cytoplasm
110
What is 70 to 80% water, that contains complex mixtures of sugars, amino acids, and salts, that also contains chromatin, ribosomes, granules, and fibers that act as cytoskeleton?
Cytoplasm
111
What is made of a single circular strand of DNA?
Bacterial chromosome
112
What is aggregated a dense area of bacterial chromosome?
Nucleoid
113
What is DNA tightly coiled around to fit in the cell compartment?
Basic protein molecules
114
What’re nonessential pieces of DNA, that are duplicated and passed on to offspring during replication?
Plasmids
115
What has separate, double-stranded circles of DNA, and confer protective traits?
Plasmids
116
Plasmids is an important agent in what?
Genetic engineering
117
What do bacterial endospores facilitate?
Facilitate survival
118
What kind of conditions can endospores withstand?
Hostile conditions
119
What resists heating, drying, freezing, radiation, and chemicals?
Endospores
120
What happens when there is a depletion of nutrients, especially carbon and nitrogen sources?
Stimulates endospore formation
121
What is a sporangium?
A sporulating cell
122
When does germination begin for endospores?
When favorable conditions arise
123
The germination agent of endospores stimulates the formation of __________ that break down the cortex.
Hydrolytic enzymes
124
_______ rehydrates and takes up _______ and ________ grows out of the endospores coat.
Core
Nutrients
Bacterium
125
What is Bacillus anthracis?
Anthrax
126
What is Clostridium tetani?
Tetanus (lock jaw)
127
What is c. Difficile?
Pseudomembranous coli
128
What is C. Perfringens?
Gas gangrene
129
What is C. botulinum?
Botulism
