Chapter 5 - Eukaryotic Cells And Microorganisms Flashcards
(108 cards)
1
Q
What originated from more primitive cells that became trapped in eukaryotic cells?
A
Organelles
2
Q
The first primitive eukaryotes were _______ and _______.
A
Single celled and independent
3
Q
What became specialized to perform a particular function in a colony?
A
Eukaryotes
4
Q
What are the two multicellular organisms that evolved when cells lost their ability to survive apart from the colony?
A
Tissues
Organs
5
Q
What eukaryotic organism is always unicellular?
A
Protozoa
6
Q
What kind of eukaryotic organism can be unicelllar or multicellular?
A
Fungi
Algae
7
Q
What is found in some eukaryotic cells?
A
Cell wall
Locomotor appendages
Chloroplasts
8
Q
What is found in eukaryotic cells?
A
Cytoplasmic membrane Nucleus Mitochondria Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Vacuoles Cytoskeleton Glycocalyx
9
Q
Which is 10x thicker? Bacterial or eukaryotic flagella
A
Eukaryotic Flagella
10
Q
Which is covered by an extension of the cell membrane and is structurally more complex? Eukaryotic or Bacterial flagella
A
Eukaryotic flagella
11
Q
What is similar in overall structure to flagella?
A
Cilia
12
Q
What is shorter and more numerous- up to several thousand in some cells?
A
Cilia
13
Q
What is found in a single group of Protozoa and certain animal cells, as well as functions as feeding and filtering structures on some cells?
A
Cilia
14
Q
What is the outermost boundary that comes into direct contact with the environment?
A
The glycocalyx
15
Q
What is another name for the glycocalyx?
A
Extra cellular matrix
16
Q
What is composed of polysaccharides and has the appearance of network fibers, slime layers, and a capsule?
A
The Glycocalyx
17
Q
Where are cell walls found?
A
Fungi and algae
18
Q
The cell wall has a different _______ than _____ cell walls.
A
Composition
Bacterial
19
Q
What is the cell wall composed of in fungi?
A
Chiming or cellulose
20
Q
What is a typical bilayer of phospholipids embedded with embedded protein molecules called?
A
Cytoplasmic membrane
21
Q
Cytoplasmic membrane contains what?
A
Sterols
22
Q
Cytoplasmic membrane has what kind of barrier?
A
Selective permeable barrier
23
Q
The cytoplasmic membrane has a sophisticated _____ for transporting _______ in and _______ and other products out.
A
Mechanism
Nutrients
Waste
24
Q
What else is the Nucleus known as?
A
The control center
25
What separated the cytoplasm from the Nucleus?
The nuclear envelope
26
What stains more intensely due to its RNA content?
Nucleoli
27
What is the site for ribosomal RNA synthesis called?
Nucleolus
28
What supplies the bulk of the energy of a cell?
Mitochondria
29
What else does Mitochondria go by?
Energy Generators of the Cell
30
Describe the structure of Cristae in Mitochondria
Folds on the inner membrane that hold the enzymes and electron carriers of aerobic respiration
31
Describe the Matrix of Mitochondria
holds ribosomes, DNA, and enzymes and other compounds used in metabolism
32
What divides independently of the cell and contains circular strands of DNA?
Mitochondria
33
What characteristics provide evidence that Mitochondria were cells engulfed by other cells and became organelles?
Divide independently of the cell
| Contain circular strands of DNA
34
What organelle is capable of converting the energy of sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis
Chloroplasts
35
What is the photosynthetic role of chloroplasts?
Primary producers of all organic nutrients
| Primary producers of oxygen gas
36
What is another title for ribosomes?
Protein Synthesizers
37
What is distributed throughout the cell and scattered freely in the cytoplasm and cytoskeleton?
Ribosomes
38
Where are Ribosomes attached to?
RER- Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
39
What are short chains of ribosomes called?
Polyribosomes
40
How are eukaryotic ribosomes similar to bacterial ribosomes?
They both have large and small subunits of ribonucleoprotein
41
What functions as an anchor for organelles, moves RNA and vesicles, and permits shape changes and movement?
The cytoskeleton
42
How many types of cytoskeleton are there?
Actin filaments, Intermediate filaments, and Microtubules
43
There is approximately how many species of fungi?
5 million species
44
how many groups of fungi are there?
Two groups- Macro and Microscopic
45
Examples of Macroscopic fungi?
Mushrooms, puffballs, gill fungi
46
What are examples of microscopic fungi?
Molds and yeast
47
What kind of cells are round to oval shape and uses asexual reproduction?
Yeast Cell
48
What are long, thread-like cells found in filamentous fungi or molds?
Hyphae
49
What is a chain of yeast called?
Pseudohyphae
50
What is a fungi called that can take either form, and will grow as yeast at one temperature but as mold at another temperature?
Dimorphism
51
What acquires nutrients from a wide variety of substrates?
Heterotrophic
52
What are saprobes?
A fungal nutrition that obtains substrate from dead plants and animals
53
What lives on the bodies of living animals or plants?
Parasites
54
What grow in loose associations or colonies?
Most microscopic fungi
55
What is Mycelium?
the woven, intertwining mass of hyphae that makes up the body or colony of a mold
56
What is septa?
cross walls dividing hyphae into segments
57
What are spores?
fungal reproductive bodies
58
What should fungals spores not be confused for?
Should not be confused with the more resistant, nonreproductive bacterial endospores
59
What is fragmentation?
Separated piece of mycelium can generate a whole new colony
60
How do most fungal infections occur>
Occurs through accidental contact with soil, water, or dust
61
What are community acquired infections caused by?
Environmental pathogenic fungi or pathogens
62
Hospital-associated infections are caused by?
Fungal pathogens in clinical settings
63
What infections are caused by pathogens that infect already weakened individuals?
Opportunity infections
64
What are some other medical conditions caused by fungi?
Allergies and Neurological conditions due to toxin production
65
What is an essential role for Fungi?
Essential role in decomposing organic matter and returning essential minerals to the soil
66
What is a positive impact of fungi?
Production of antibiotics, alcohol, organic acids, and vitamins
67
What can fungi produce?
Alcohol in beer and wine, gas that causes bread to rise
68
What are some negative impacts of fungi?
A number of species are pathogenic to corn and grain
| 40% of the fruit crop each year is consumed by fungi
69
Algae and protozoa have been traditionally combined into what Kingdom?
The Kingdom Protista
70
The kingdom Protista is divided into two sub kingdoms called?
Subkingdom Algae
| Subkingdom Protozoa
71
What is a protist?
any eukaryotic unicellular or colonial organism that lacks true tissues
72
Seaweed and kelp are the most recognizable example of?
photosynthetic organisms
73
What is a widespread of inhabitants of fresh and marine water called?
Algae
74
Algae is a floating _____ of ____ organisms.
Community and microscopic
75
What produces most of the Earths oxygen and is essential in the aquatic food web?
Algae
76
A Primary medical threat from algae is through ingestion of toxins during a?
Red Tide
77
The Protozoa include how many species?
About 65000 species
78
What has most members that are harmless inhabitants of the water and is primarily free living?
Protozoa
79
Organelles can be highly specialized into structures analogous to:
Mouths
Digestive systems
Reproductive tracts
Legs—means of locomotion
80
Single cells containing all major _______ organelles except ________
eukaryotic
| chloroplasts
81
What scavenge dead plant or animal debris and graze on live cells of bacteria and algae?
Free-living species
82
What species live on fluids of the host such as plasma and digestive juices and may actively feed on tissues?
Parasitic species
83
What serve as feeding structures and has Amoeboid motion?
Pseudopods (“false feet”)
84
What varies in number from one to several?
Flagella
85
What is distributed over the entire surface of the cell in characteristic patterns?
Cilia
86
What has a motile feeding stage and requires ample food and moisture to remain active?
Trophozoite
87
What has a dormant, resting stage, formed when conditions become unfavorable for growth and feeding and is am important factor in spread of disease?
Cyst
88
What is conjugation?
Form of genetic exchange between two cells
89
What reproduces in three ways such as mitosis(asexual), multiple fission, and sexual?
Protozoan
90
Most protozoa can be identified to the level of genus because of their?
Unique appearance
91
What is considered when identifying protozoan?
Shape and size of cell
Type, number, and distribution of locomotor structures
Presence of special organelles or cysts
Number of nuclei
92
What is Parasitology?
study of protozoa and helminths
93
What is a term most often used to denote protozoan and helminth pathogens?
Parasite
94
What is Trypanosoma brucei?
African Sleeping Sickness
95
What is Trypanosoma cruzi?
Chagas disease
96
Examples of the Parasitic Helminths?
Tapeworms
Flukes
Roundworms
Flatworms
97
What is the complete life cycle of a helminth?
Fertilized egg
Larval stage
Adult stage
98
Majority of helminths derive _____ and reproduce _____ in the host’s body
Nutrients
| Sexually
99
What are Nematodes?
sexes have different morphologies
100
What are Trematodes?
sexes are separate or hermaphroditic
101
Hermaphroditic means?
Male and female sex organs in the same worm
102
What are Cestodes?
generally hermaphroditic
103
What is the first life cycle of a helminth?
Transmission of an egg or larva to the body of another host, either a different or the same species
104
What is the second life cycle of a helminth?
Intermediate (secondary) host: the host in which larval development occurs
105
What is the third life cycle of a helminth?
Definitive (final) host: host in which adulthood and mating occur
106
What are sources of human infection?
Food, soil, water, infected animals
107
What are routes of infection?
Oral intake or penetration of unbroken skin
108
What causes a very common infestation of the large intestine. Ranges from 2 to 12 mm long, is tapered and/or curved cylinder shape, and is a simple uncomplicated infection that does not spread past the intestines?
Pinworm
