Chapter 31: Fungi

Question 1

Are Fungi heterotrophs or autotrophs?

Answer 1

heterotrophs

Question 2

fungi are composed of _______

Answer 2

hyphae

Question 3

fungi have cell walls made of ________

Answer 3

chitin

Question 4

What is different about the mitosis of fungi compared to plants and animals?

Answer 4

the nuclear envelope does not break down and mitosis occurs within the nucleus

Question 5

Does fungi digest internally or externally?

Answer 5

externally

Question 6

how does the external digestion of a fungi work?

Answer 6

secretes digestive enzymes into the environment into the surroundings and then absorb nutrients

Question 7

Fungi break down ________ _________

Answer 7

complex molecules

Question 8

Fungi are decomposers. T or F?

Answer 8

T

Question 9

What is a decomposer?

Answer 9

break down organic molecules into inorganic molecules for the environment to use

Question 10

Fungi break down complex molecules. T or F?

Answer 10

T

Question 11

What is chitin?

Answer 11

a tough resistant polysaccharide found in cell walls

Question 12

What are hyphae?

Answer 12

cell bodies that are long and slender filaments

Question 13

What is the mycelium?

Answer 13

a mass of connected hyphae

Question 14

What is the coenocytic hyphae

Answer 14

cells that lack septa and consist of a continuous cytoplasmic mass having 100s or 1000s of nuclei

Question 15

What is Haustorisa?

Answer 15

specialized hyphae that extract or exchange nutrients w/ host plant

Question 16

Fungi hyphae have mating types that are called _____ and ______?

Answer 16

positive and negative

Question 17

If compatible, the cytoplasm of two mating types fuse in a process called _________

Answer 17

plasmogamy

Question 18

In plasmogamy the nuclei don’t fuse right away creating a ______ _____

Answer 18

dikaryon stage

Question 19

What is a hetrokaryotic stage?

Answer 19

nuclei are genetically different

Question 20

What is a homokaryotic stage?

Answer 20

nuclei are genetically similar

Question 21

After some time, the two haploid nuclei fuse to form a _______ _______ in a process called _________

Answer 21

diploid nucleus

karyogamy

Question 22

Meiosis restores the haploid condition as ______ are produced and germinate into ________

Answer 22

spores

hyphae

Question 23

Life cycle of a fungi could be hours, days, or centuries. T or F?

Answer 23

T

Question 24

What is the main life cycle of a fungus?

Answer 24

Heterokaryotic stage 
karyogamy
zygote stage 
meiosis 
spore stage 
germination 
mycelium stage 
plasmogamy

Question 25

What is the alternative cycle of a fungus?

Answer 25

``` mycelium stage mitosis spore producing structures produce spores germination mycelium stage ```

Question 26

Fungi can produce spores through _______ and the spores germinate into _______

Answer 26

mitosis | mycelium

Question 27

What is budding?

Answer 27

when a small portion of parent cell forms new cells and breaks off

Question 28

What is binary fission?

Answer 28

one cell dividing into two

Question 29

What is the order of relatedness for fungi between animals, plants, and protists?

Answer 29

protists, animals, and plants

Question 30

What are opisthokonts?

Answer 30

clade includes animals, fungi, and protist originating from unicellular flagellated ancestor

Question 31

Recent DNA evidence indicates that animals share the closet common ancestor to the protist: ___________

Answer 31

choanoflagellates

Question 32

What is the most basal taxon of fungi?

Answer 32

chytridiomycetes

Question 33

Chytridiomycetes are the only group that have motile ________

Answer 33

zoospores

Question 34

Chytridiomycetes cause what in amphibians?

Answer 34

major population decreases in amphibians

Question 35

What are zoo spores?

Answer 35

cells that move through water

Question 36

Bread molds and molds on fruits are in what clade?

Answer 36

zygomycetes

Question 37

In zygomycetes are hyphae that are _________

Answer 37

coenocytic

Question 38

What type of sexual reproduction is most common in zygomycetes?

Answer 38

asexual reproduction

Question 39

What are Chytridiomycetes?

Answer 39

The most basal type of fungi, they are aquatic with flagellated zoospores

Question 40

What are zygomycetes?

Answer 40

fungi that produce zygotes

Question 41

What are glomeromycetes?

Answer 41

asexual plant symbionts

Question 42

What are mycorrhizal associations?

Answer 42

form branching structures that help with the nutrient exchange in plants and the plants provides carbs for fungus

Question 43

What are Ascomycetes?

Answer 43

The sac (ascus) fungi

Question 44

What is the clade that includes yeast and truffles?

Answer 44

Ascomycetes

Question 45

What are endoparasites?

Answer 45

spend life in host

Question 46

Conidiophores reproduce ____________

Answer 46

asexually

Question 47

ascus reproduce ___________

Answer 47

sexually

Question 48

What are basidiomycetes?

Answer 48

The club fungi

Question 49

The most familiar fungi are part of what clade?

Answer 49

Basidiomycetes

Question 50

Sexual reproduction occurs in basidia. T or F?

Answer 50

T

Question 51

Secondary mycelium are _____karyotic in basidiomycetes?

Answer 51

hetero

Question 52

What is symbiosis?

Answer 52

organisms closely interact

Question 53

What is obligatory symbiosis? and an example.

Answer 53

essential for survival | microbes in cow stomach

Question 54

What is facultative symbiosis? and an example.

Answer 54

can survive with out but may be helpful | pollination

Question 55

mutualism

Answer 55

both benefit

Question 56

commensalism

Answer 56

one benefits, one neutral

Question 57

parasitism

Answer 57

one benefits, one harmed

Question 58

pathogen

Answer 58

cause of disease

Question 59

endophytes grow in the _______ spaces of plants

Answer 59

intercellular

Question 60

What is the mutualistic relationship between endophytes and cocoa plants?

Answer 60

cocoa plants with endophytes has less damage

Question 61

Lichen are composed of fungi and either ______ or ______

Answer 61

cyanobacteria or algae

Question 62

Explain the mutualistic relationship between lichen and plants

Answer 62

organism gives carbs and lichen protects from desiccation and strong light

Question 63

What is tripartite symbiosis?

Answer 63

involving 3 organisms (plant, animal, and fungus)

Question 64

What is mycosis?

Answer 64

infection caused by fungul parasite

Question 65

What is chitridmycosis?

Answer 65

fungal infection from the chytrid batrachochyrtiumdedrobatidis that is causing the decline in population and extinction of amphibian species

Question 66

What are the 3 practical uses of fungi?

Answer 66

1. used for decamp and mycorrhizae increase 2. consumption for food and to make food 3. used as medicine for antibiotics, reduce cholesterol, and increase immune function