Chapter 33: Invertebrates Flashcards
(185 cards)
1
Q
What is the most basal taxon of the following options; Porifera, cnidaria, lophotrochozoa, ecdysozoa, deuterostomia
A
porifera
2
Q
What are metazoans?
A
all animals
3
Q
What are parazoans?
A
animals w/o true tissue
4
Q
What are enmetazoans?
A
animals w/ true tissue
5
Q
Do Porifera have true tissue?
A
no
6
Q
Are Porifera asymmetric?
A
yes
7
Q
Porifera have ______ larvae and _______ adults
A
swimming, sessile
8
Q
Suspension feeders
A
capture food particles suspended in the water that passes through their body
9
Q
How do Porifera reproduce?
A
asexually and sexually
10
Q
Spongocoel
A
central cavity
11
Q
Ostia
A
small pores in which water flows in
12
Q
osculum
A
large opening where water flows out
13
Q
choanocytes
A
collar cells that engulf food particles via phagocytosis
14
Q
ambeocytes
A
cells that transport nutrients, produces materials, of become any types of cell as needed
15
Q
what types of materials are produced by ambeocytes?
A
spicules
16
Q
some sponges have more than one oscula. T or F?
A
T
17
Q
what are the three types of asexual reproduction do porifera use?
A
fragmentation, budding, and gemmules
18
Q
fragmentation
A
a fragment of the parent breaks off and forms a new sponge
19
Q
budding
A
a new organism develops from an outgrowth due to cell division at one particular site
20
Q
gemmules
A
a mass of cells or “pod” that can develop into a new individual
21
Q
What are the two types of sexual reproduction that Porifera use?
A
hermaphroditism and sequential hermaphroditism
22
Q
sequential hermaphroditism?
A
first as one sex then as the other
23
Q
What is the symmetry of cnidaria?
A
radial
24
Q
Cnidaria are ____blast
A
diplo
25
incomplete gut
one opening for moth and anus
26
sessile
attached to substrate (do not move)
27
What are the two forms of cnidaria?
polyp and medusa
28
polyp
sessile
29
medusa
free swimming
30
cnidaria have no brain, but have a non centralized _______ ______-
nerve network
31
cnidocytes
specialized cells located on tentacles and body surfaces
32
nematocyst
a structure w/ in cnidocyte that contain a small power harpoon that may be barbed or contain a toxin
33
what type of reproduction do cnidaria use?
budding (asexual) and sexual reproduction
34
in cnidaria sexual reproduction is in the polyp stage only. T or F?
F. medusa only, polyp only, and alternate between two stages
35
planula
free swimming ciliated larvae
36
what are the four major clades of the cnidaria?
hydrozoans, scyphozoans, cubozoans, anthozoans
37
What clade of cnidaria alternate between polyp and medusa stages?
hydrozoans
38
in what clade do umbrella shaped, predominantly medusa stage organisms belong to?
scyphozoans
39
what clade do box shaped, medusa staged, highly toxic organisms belong to?
cubozoans
40
What clade do sea anemones and corals that only have a polyp stage belong to?
anthozoans
41
What are the two characteristic of lophotrochozoans?
locophore
| trocophore
42
What is the common name for playhelmenthis?
flatworms
43
flatworms are flattened __________
dorsoventrally
44
flatworms are diploblast but are ________
acoelomates
45
What type of gut do flatworms have?
incomplete
46
How is respiration achieved in the flatworms?
diffusion across the body surface
47
protonephridia
extrectory structure that maintains osmotic balance
48
do flatworms have a circulatory system?
no
49
How do flatworms reproduce?
a-sexually, they are hermophroditic
50
What are the three types of phylum within flatworms?
1. Planarians
2. Trematodes
3. Cestodes
51
Planarians are free living in ______ ecosystems
aquatic
52
What do planarians prey on?
smaller or dead animals
53
planarians move via ______ on ventral surface
cilia
54
what do planarians use eyespots and lateral flaps for?
to detect chemicals
55
do planarians have ganglia and ventral nerve chords?
yes
56
ganglia
the clump of nerve cells at the anterior end
57
ventral nerve chords
run from the ganglia down the body
58
What is the common name for trematodes?
flukes
59
In flukes, the larvae penetrates the skin of ____ and goes into blood vessels
human
60
fluke reproduces _____ in human
sexually
61
with their relationship with flukes humans are a _______ host
determinate
62
human feces release fluke _____ which develop into _____ _______
eggs, ciliated larvae
63
fluke ciliated larvae enter the _____ and reproduce _______ and result in motile larvae entering the water
snail, asexually, motile larvae
64
in the reproduction of trematodes (flukes) the human is the _______ host and the snail is the ______, host
determinant
| indeterminant
65
What are the three possible fluke (trematode) hosts?
human, snail, or fish
66
What is the common name for Cestodes?
tape worms
67
What phylum do cestodes belong to?
playhelmenthis
68
scolex
structure that allows cestodes to attach to host and absorb food
69
what structure do cestodes absorb food through?
epithelium
70
proglottids
a series of repetitive sections that grow at the base of the neck
71
Rotifers live in _______ environments
aquatic
72
What type of cavity do rotifers have?
psuedocoelomate
73
What is a pseudocoelomate?
a false cavity
74
corona in rotifers
a ciliated structure used for locomotion and gathering food
75
rotifers have complex jaws that ______ ______ ______
break down food
76
Rotifers have a compete gut with one-way direction. T or F?
T
77
Alimentary canal
digestive tube w/ two openings
78
What type of asexual reproduction do Rotifera use?
parthenogenesis
79
parthenogenesis
females produce more females from unfertilized egg through the spontaneous doubling of chromosomes
80
Can the embryos of rotifera go into a dormant stage?
yes
81
What are two lophophorate phyla
1. ectoprocts
| 2. brachiopods
82
ectoprocts
small colonial, sessile animals that are encased in a hard exoskeleton
83
brachiopods
marine animals that have a dorsal and ventral cell
84
visceral mass
the internal area in which the digestive, excretory, and reproductive organs are concentrated
85
nephridia
a special type of excretory structure that removes nitrogenous waste
86
muscular foot
muscular structure used for locomotion or capturing prey.
87
mantle
thick epidermal sheet that covers the dorsal side of the body and forms a cavity in which the respiratory organs are housed along with openings for systems within the visceral mass
88
ctenidia
respiratory gills that consist of filamentous projections of the mantle that are rich in blood vessels.
89
what is a synapomorphy of mollusca?
shells
90
shells are secreted by ________
mantle
91
radula
a rasping tongue-like organ w/ microscopic chitonous teeth used for feeding
92
most mollusks have open circulatory systems. T or F?
T
93
What is an open circulatory system?
blood enters the cavity and mixes with tissue fluid
94
What type of circulatory system do cephalopods have?
closed
95
mullusca have internal and external fertilization. some are hermaphroditic and some have separate sexes. T or F?
T
96
All Mollusca have what kind of larvae?
trochophores
97
trochophores
free swimming larvae
98
what type of secondary larvae do gastropods have?
veliger
99
What are the four classes of mullusca?
1. polyplacophora
2. Gastropoda
3. Bivalves
4. Cephalopods
100
what type of mulluscas have oval bodies w/ 8 overlapping dorsal calcareous plates that included marine mollusks and chitons?
polyplacophora
101
What class are slugs and snails in?
Gastropoda
102
a process by which the mantle cavity and anus are moved from a posterior location to front of the body closer to where the mouth is located. This causes gastropods to not be bilateral, because it often leads to the reduction or disappearance of some of the left organs
torsion
103
Clams, scallops, oysters, and muscles that have two lateral shells are part of what class?
bivalves
104
octopi, squid, cuttlefish, and nautiluses are part of what class?
Cephalopoda
105
Through what do cephalopoda expel water through?
the siphon
106
__________ make up 40% of all documented extinctions
molluscs
107
metameres
segments
108
segmentation
the building of a body from a series of similar segments or repeated unites that are separated by a septa
109
Parapodia
fleshy, paired, paddle-like lateral projections on most of the segments
110
_______ worms have modified hook parapodia used for anchoring
tube
111
Marine worms are part of the group _____
polychaetes
112
polychaetes have ________ sexes with ________ fertilization
separate
| external
113
Polychaetes have parapodia. T or F?
T
114
What group are earthworms and leaches a part of?
oligeochaetes
115
How many segments do earthworms typically have?
100-175
116
Cheatae
hair-like structures on each segment to allow for traction
117
Metanephridium
excretory tube w/ ciliated funnel-shaped opening
118
What is included in the earthworm nervous system?
pair of cerebral ganglia, ventral nerve chords w/ segmented ganglia
119
Earthworms have no eyes but have ____, _____, and ______ sensitive cells
light, chemo, and touch
120
What type of circulatory system do earthworms have?
closed
121
What type of reproductive system do earthworms have?
hermaphroditic and receive and expel sperm at the same time
122
The _______ secretes a mucus which holds the worms together during copulation and creates a cocoon where fertilization occurs in annelida
clitellum
123
Leeches are part of what phylum?
annelida
124
Leeches are flattened _________
dorsoventrally
125
What is the synapomorphy of Ecdysozoans
Ecdysis
126
Ecdysis
molting outer cuticle layer as they grow
127
Nematoda are unsegmented. T or F?
T
128
Longitudinal Musculature
muscles extend along the length of the body, which pull against both the cuticle and the pseudopodia
129
Nematoda lack respiratory systems and exchange gas through their _________
cuticles
130
Nematoda have an undeveloped digestive system. T or F?
F, Nematoda have well developed digestive systems
131
What are stylets of the Nematoda?
piercing organs near the mouth
132
Are Nematoda active hunters?
yes
133
Direct development
small juvenile (no larval stage) emerges from the egg
134
What are the 4 types of roundworms that cause human diseases
1. trichinella
2. pinworms
3. ascaris
4. filariasis
135
Trichinella
comes from undercooked pork and infects the muscles
136
Pinworms
found in human rectums
137
Ascaris
found in intestines
138
Filariasis
live in lymphatic system and causes by several species of roundworm
139
What are the synapomorphies of arthropoda
jointed appendages
140
What is the most abundant animals phylum
arthropoda
141
What are the two advantages of jointed appendages?
1. extend and retract
| 2. joints make leverage possible
142
what is the exoskeleton made of?
chitin and protein
143
What are the benefits and detriments of the exoskeleton?
helps protect and stop water loss
| restricts growth
144
Tagmata
segments specialized into groups
145
Compound Eye
composed of thousands of independent units w/ each one containing a lense, renticular cells, and a nerve fiber
146
What type of circulatory system do arthropoda have?
open
147
What does the nervous system in arthropoda consist of?
a double chain of segmented ganglia running along the ventral surface
148
A trachea, Tracheoles, and spiracles are included in which phylum?
arthropoda
149
Trachea and Tracheoles
series of branded tubes that transmit oxygen through the body
150
Spiracles
openings in which air passes into trachea
151
What are the groups within arthropoda?
1. Chelicerates
152
Spiders, scorpions, mites, or ticks are part of what group?
Chelicerates
Myriapods
Hexapods
Crustaceans
153
Chelicare
are fangs and pinchers (the mouthparts of arthropoda)
154
What are the two segments of arthropods
prosoma
| opisthsoma
155
prosoma
contains 4 pairs of walking legs
156
opisthsoma
contains the reproductive organs
157
pedipalps
legs that are modified into copulatory organs, large pincers, and sensory organs
158
Myriapods
centipede and millipedes
159
myriapods consist of a head with _____ body segment(s)
many
160
how many pairs of legs per segment do centipedes have?
1
161
how many pairs of millipedes per segment do centipedes have?
2
162
How many pairs of antennae do myriapods have?
one
163
Mandibles
modified appendages
164
insects are part of what group?
hexapods
165
How many magmata do insects have?
3; head, thorax, and abdomen
166
Insects have uniramous _________
appendages
167
What are the two types of sensory receptors that Hexapoda have?
1. sensory sentae
| 2. tympanum
168
sensory state
hair like that detect mechanical or chemical stimulation
169
Tympanum
paired structures w/ a thin membrane that detects sound
170
Crustaceans are primarily ________
aquatic
171
Crustaceans have three tagmata, but sometimes the head and thorax are fused into a _________
cephalothorax
172
How many pairs of antennae do crustaceans have?
two
173
Biramous appendages
two branched
174
Crustaceans have __________ gills
feathery
175
What are the two phylum within deuterostomia?
1. Echidnoderms
| 2. Chordata
176
What type of symmetry do echinoderms have as larvae and adults?
bilateral larvae and pentaradial adult stage
177
What is the endoskeleton of echinodermata composed of?
movable or fixed calcium rich plates called ossicles
178
The water vascular system is used for _______
locomotion
179
what type of asexual reproduction do echinodermata use?
regeneration
180
what type of sexual reproduction do echinodermata use?
external w/ separate sexes
181
The echinoderms water vascular system consists of one _______ canal and five ________ canals that extend into each of the five parts of the body
ring, radial
182
Madroporite pore
an opening in which water enters into the vascular system
183
Tube feet
extension of water vascular system that allows for suction
184
ampulla
muscular sac at the base of each foot that helps with locomotion
185
What are 5 extant classes of echinoderms
1. Asteroidea
2. Holothuoidea
3. Echinodea
4. Crinoidea
5. Ophiuroidea
