Chapter 31 Properties and Effects

Question 1

A material with a pH value less than 7.

Answer 1

Acid

Question 2

“Right now” exposures that produce observable signs such as eye irritation, coughing, dizziness, and skin burns.

Answer 2

Acute exposure

Question 3

Health problems caused by relatively short exposure periods to a harmful substance that produces observable conditions such as eye irritation, coughing, dizziness, and skin burns.

Answer 3

Acute health effects

Question 4

Positively charged particles emitted by certain radioactive materials, identical to the nucleus of a helium atom.

Answer 4

Alpha particles

Question 5

A material with a pH value greater than 7.

Answer 5

Base

Question 6

Elementary particles, emitted from a nucleus during radioactive decay, with a single electrical charge and a mass equal to that of a proton.

Answer 6

Beta particles

Question 7

Boiling liquid/expanding vapor explosion; an explosion that occurs when pressurized liquefied materials (e.g., propane or butane) inside a closed vessel are exposed to a source of high heat.

Answer 7

BLEVE

Question 8

The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the surrounding atmospheric pressure.

Answer 8

Boiling point

Question 9

Measurable characteristics of a chemical, such as its vapor density, flammability, corrosivity, and water reactivity.

Answer 9

Chemical and physical properties

Question 10

Any chemical change or chemical degradation, occurring inside or outside a containment vessel.

Answer 10

Chemical reaction

Question 11

The ability of a chemical to undergo an alteration in its chemical make-up, usually accompanied by a release of some form of energy.

Answer 11

Chemical reactivity

Question 12

An adverse health effect occurring after a long-term exposure to a substance.

Answer 12

Chronic health hazard

Question 13

A material that, in the form in which it is used and under the conditions anticipated, will ignite and burn; a material that does not meet the definition of noncombustible or limited-combustible.

Answer 13

Combustibles

Question 14

The process of transferring a hazardous material, or the hazardous component of a weapon of mass destruction (WMD), from its source to people, animals, the environment, or equipment, which can act as a carrier.

Answer 14

Contamination

Question 15

The ability of a material to cause damage (on contact) to skin, eyes, or other parts of the body.

Answer 15

Corrosivity

Question 16

A description of the volume increase that occurs when a liquid changes to a gas.

Answer 16

Expansion ratio

Question 17

The process by which people, animals, the environment, property, and equipment are subjected to or come in contact with a hazardous material/weapon of mass destruction (WMD). (NFPA 1072)

Answer 17

Exposure

Question 18

The lowest temperature at which a liquid will ignite and achieve sustained burning when exposed to a test flame in accordance with ASTM D 92, Standard Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland Open Cup Tester. (NFPA 1)

Answer 18

Fire point

Question 19

Capable of sustaining a chain reaction using neutrons at any level.

Answer 19

Fissile

Question 20

The range of concentrations between the lower and upper flammable limits.

Answer 20

Flammable range (explosive limit)

Question 21

The minimum temperature at which a liquid or a solid emits vapor sufficient to form an ignitable mixture with air near the surface of the liquid or the solid. (NFPA 115)

Answer 21

Flash point

Question 22

High-energy short-wavelength electromagnetic radiation.

Answer 22

Gamma radiation

Question 23

Capable of causing harm or posing an unreasonable risk to life, health, property, or environment.

Answer 23

Hazard

Question 24

Minimum temperature a substance should attain in order to ignite under specific test conditions.

Answer 24

Ignition temperature

Question 25

Radiation of sufficient energy to alter the atomic structure of materials or cells with which it interacts, including electromagnetic radiation such as x-rays, gamma rays, and microwaves and particulate radiation such as alpha and beta particles.

Answer 25

Ionizing radiation

Question 26

Substances (such as mace) that can be dispersed to briefly incapacitate a person or groups of people. _________ cause pain and a burning sensation to exposed skin, eyes, and mucous membranes.

Answer 26

Irritants

Question 27

The concentration of a material in air that, based on laboratory tests (inhalation route), is expected to kill a specified number of the group of test animals when administered over a specified period of time.

Answer 27

Lethal concentration (LC)

Question 28

A single dose that causes the death of a specialized number of the group of test animals exposed by any route other than inhalation.

Answer 28

Lethal dose (LD)

Question 29

The minimum concentration of combustible vapor or combustible gas in a mixture of the vapor or gas and gaseous oxidant above which propagation of flame will occur on contact with an ignition source. (NFPA 115)

Answer 29

Lower explosive limit (LEL)

Question 30

Penetrating particles found in the nucleus of the atom that are removed through nuclear fusion or fission. Although neutrons are not radioactive, exposure to them can create radiation.

Answer 30

Neutrons

Question 31

Electromagnetic waves capable of causing a disturbance of activity at the atomic level but that do not have sufficient energy to break bonds and create ions.

Answer 31

Non-ionizing radiation

Question 32

An expression of the amount of dissolved hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution.

Answer 32

pH

Question 33

A transformation in which a material changes its state of matter—for instance, from a liquid to a solid.

Answer 33

Physical change

Question 34

The process of reacting monomers together in a chain reaction to form polymers.

Answer 34

Polymerization

Question 35

Fluid build-up in the lungs.

Answer 35

Pulmonary edema

Question 36

The combined process of emission, transmission, and absorption of energy traveling by electromagnetic wave propagation (e.g., infrared radiation) between a region of higher temperature and a region of lower temperature.

Answer 36

Radiation

Question 37

A variation of an element created by an imbalance in the numbers of protons and neutrons in an atom of that element.

Answer 37

Radioactive isotope

Question 38

The spontaneous decay or disintegration of an unstable atomic nucleus accompanied by the emission of radiation. (NFPA 801)

Answer 38

Radioactivity

Question 39

The process by which a contaminant is carried out of the hot zone and contaminates people, animals, the environment, or equipment. Also referred to as cross-contamination.

Answer 39

Secondary contamination

Question 40

A chemical that causes a large percentage of people or animals to develop an allergic reaction after repeated exposure.

Answer 40

Sensitizer

Question 41

A substance (usually liquid) capable of dissolving or dispersing another substance; a chemical compound designed and used to convert solidified grease into a liquid or semiliquid state in order to facilitate a cleaning operation.

Answer 41

Solvents

Question 42

The weight of a liquid as compared to water.

Answer 42

Specific gravity

Question 43

The physical state of a material—solid, liquid, or gas.

Answer 43

State of matter

Question 44

The degree to which a substance is harmful to humans.

Answer 44

Toxicity

Question 45

Hazardous chemical compounds that are released when a material decomposes under heat.

Answer 45

Toxic products of combustion

Question 46

The maximum amount of gaseous fuel that can be present in the air if the air/fuel mixture is to be flammable or explosive.

Answer 46

Upper explosive limit (UEL)

Question 47

The gas phase of a substance, particularly of those that are normally liquids or solids at ordinary temperatures.

Answer 47

Vapor

Question 48

The weight of an airborne concentration (vapor or gas) as compared to an equal volume of dry air.

Answer 48

Vapor density

Question 49

The pressure, measured in pounds per square inch, absolute (psia), exerted by a liquid, as determined by ASTM D 323, Standard Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Reid Method). (NFPA 1)

Answer 49

Vapor pressure

Question 50

The ability of a substance to dissolve in water.

Answer 50

Water solubility

Question 51

The characteristics of a chemical that are measurable are A. physical properties. B. chemical properties. C. states of matter. D. radiation agents.

Answer 51

A. physical properties.

Question 52

The first step in understanding the hazard of any chemical involves identifying A. physical properties. B. chemical properties. C. states of matter. D. radiation agents

Answer 52

C. states of matter.

Question 53

The expansion ratio is a description of the volume increase that occurs when a material changes from A. a liquid to a solid. B. a solid to a gas. C. a solid to a liquid. D. a liquid to a gas.

Answer 53

D. a liquid to a gas.

Question 54

The ability of a chemical to undergo a change in its chemical make-up, usually with a release of some form of energy, is a A. property change. B. physical change. C. chemical change. D. change of state.

Answer 54

C. chemical change

Question 55

Steel rusting and wood burning are examples of A. physical changes. B. chemical changes. C. vaporization. D. ionization.

Answer 55

B. chemical changes

Question 56

The temperature at which a liquid changes into a gas is the A. flash point. B. vaporization point. C. boiling point. D. gas point.

Answer 56

C. boiling point.

Question 57

The weight of an airborne concentration as compared to an equal volume of dry air is the A. vapor density. B. vapor ratio. C. flammable range. D. explosive ratio.

Answer 57

A. vapor density.

Question 58

Air has a set vapor density value of A. 0.59. B. 1.0. C. 2.4. D. 3.8.

Answer 58

B. 1.0.

Question 59

The vapor pressure at the standard atmospheric pressure of 20 °C can be expressed in pounds per square inch, atmospheres, and millimeters of mercury as follows: A. 14.7 psi= 1 atm = 760 torr= 1 mm Hg. B. 1 psi= 0.59 atm = 760 torr= 10 mm Hg. C. 10 psi= 1 atm = 550 torr= 0.59 mm Hg. D. 14.7 psi= 100 atm = 30 torr= 100 mm Hg.

Answer 59

A. 14.7 psi=1 atm = 760 torr= 1mm Hg.

Question 60

The ability of a substance to dissolve in water is known as its A. expansion ratio. B. dissolvability. C. water solubility. D. dispersement value.

Answer 60

C. water solubility.

Question 61

pH is an expression of the concentration of A. hydrogen ions in a given substance. B. acid ions in a given substance. C. oxygen ions in a given substance. D. base ions in a given substance.

Answer 61

A. hydrogen ions in a given substance.

Question 62

Common acids have pH values that are A. equal to zero. B. greater than 7. C. equal to 7. D. less than 7.

Answer 62

D. less than 7.

Question 63

Bases have pH values that are A. equal to zero. B. greater than 7. C. equal to 7. D. less than 7.

Answer 63

B. greater than 7.

Question 64

The hazardous chemical compounds released when a material decomposes under heat are known as A. carcinogens. B. alpha particles. C. toxic products of combustion. D. beta particles.

Answer 64

C. toxic products of combustion.

Question 65

The nucleus of a radioactive isotope includes an unstable configuration of A. protons and neutrons. B. electrons and protons. C. electrons and neutrons. D. protons, electrons, and neutrons.

Answer 65

A. protons and neutrons.

Question 66

Which is the least penetrating of the three types of radiation? A. Alpha particles B. Beta particles C. Gamma radiation D. Neutrons

Answer 66

A. Alpha particles

Question 67

When a person or object transfers contamination to another person or object by direct contact, what is this A. Contamination by association B. Secondary exposure C. Direct contamination D. Secondary contamination

Answer 67

D. Secondary contamination

Question 68

Exposure to which of the following substances prevents the body from using oxygen? A. Chlorine B. Cyanide C. Lewisite D. Sarin

Answer 68

B. Cyanide

Question 69

Phosgene is a A. nerve agent. B. blistering agent. C. choking agent. D. blood agent.

Answer 69

C. choking agent.

Question 70

Which type of exposure occurs when harmful substances are brought into the body through the respiratory system? A. Ingestion exposure B. Inhalation exposure C. Absorption exposure D. Injection exposure

Answer 70

B. Inhalation exposure

Question 71

Adverse health effects caused by long-term exposure to a substance are termed a(n) A. acute health hazards. B. chronic health hazards. C. long-term disablers. D. overexposure.

Answer 71

B. chronic health hazards.

Question 72

Which type of chemical causes a substantial proportion of exposed people to develop an allergic reaction in normal tissue after repeated exposure to that chemical? A. Sensitizer B. Irritant C. Convulsant D. Containment

Answer 72

A. Sensitizer

Question 73

If the state of matter and physical properties of a chemical are known, a fire fighter can ________ what the substance will do if it escapes its container.

Answer 73

predict

Question 74

Chemicals can undergo a(n) _________ change when subjected to outside influences such as heat, cold, and pressure.

Answer 74

physical

Question 75

Standard atmospheric pressure at sea level is _______ pounds per square inch.

Answer 75

14.7

Question 76

The flash point of gasoline is ____________.

Answer 76

-43 degrees F

Question 77

_______ is the minimum temperature at which a liquid or a solid emits vapor sufficient to form an ignitable mixture with air.

Answer 77

Flash point

Question 78

The _________ temperature is the minimum temperature at which a substance will ignite without an external ignition source.

Answer 78

ignition

Question 79

Most flammable liquids will _______ on water.

Answer 79

float

Question 80

The periodic table illustrates all the known _______ that make up every known compound.

Answer 80

elements

Question 81

_______ particles can break chemical bonds, creating ions; therefore they are considered ionizing radiation.

Answer 81

Beta

Question 82

Chemicals that are capable of causing seizures are classified as _______.

Answer 82

convulsants

Question 83

True/False A physical change is essentially a change in state; a chemical change results in an alteration of the chemical nature of the material.

Answer 83

True

Question 84

True/False Water has an expansion rate of 100:1 and a boiling point of 100 °F.

Answer 84

False

Question 85

True/False Diesel fuel has a higher flash point than does gasoline.

Answer 85

True

Question 86

True/False The wider the flammable range, the more dangerous the material.

Answer 86

True

Question 87

True/False Vapor pressure directly correlates to the speed at which a material will evaporate once it is released from its container.

Answer 87

True

Question 88

True/False Radioactive isotopes can be detected by the noise and odors they give off.

Answer 88

False

Question 89

True/False The nucleus of an atom is made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons.

Answer 89

False

Question 90

True/False A hazard is a material capable of posing an unreasonable risk to health, safety, or the environment.

Answer 90

True

Question 91

True/False Nerve agents attack the central nervous system.

Answer 91

True

Question 92

True/False A chemical brought into the body through an open cut is an injection exposure.

Answer 92

True