Chapter 32 Review Flashcards by Marcia Young

What is Biology?

the study of life

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All living organisms show some degree of order or organization. What is the smallest functional unit that exhibits all of the characteristics of life and order?

cell

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What are the products in the hydrolysis of ATP?

ADP, phosphate, and energy

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How many covalent bonds is a carbon atom able to form with other compounds or elements?

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Organic molecules that catalyze reactions in living systems are what?

enzymes

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the coumpound that is stored as glycogen in animals and starch in plants is what?

glucose

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Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures are called what?

isomers

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Amino acids become linked together by peptide bonds during ___ reactions.

Condensation

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How many different types of monomers are found in proteins?

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What are the four major macromolecules of life?

carbohydrates; lipids; proteins; nucleic acids

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What is the monomer of a carbohydrate?

monosaccharide

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As a cell becomes smaller, its surface area ___ relative to its volume.

increases

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Which scientist was described cells as “many little boxes”?

Robert Hool

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What is the primary function of the mitochondria?

produce energy for cell activity

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What structures would be found in a prokaryote?

ribosome, cytoplasm, plasmid

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Which organelle performs the function of photosynthesis in a plant?

chloroplast

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What three types of molecules make up the cell membrane?

phospholipids, proteins, sterols

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What is one of the primary functions of the plasma membrane?

controls what moves into and out of the cell

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Which eukaryotic organelle is responsible for packaging and exporting proteins?

rough endoplasmic reticulum

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What is the movement of water through a cell membrane called?

osmosis

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What are some types of passive transport?

osmosis, diffusion, facilitated diffusion

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Why is active transport considered to be an active rather than a passive process?

it requires energy

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During the G₀ phase, cells do what?

exict the cell cycle

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During cell division, the DNA of a eukaryotic cell is tightly packed and coiled into structures called what?

chromosomes

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Most prokaryotic cells reproduce by a process called what?

binry fission

two similar copies of each autosome that carry the same traits and are the same size and shape are what?

homologues

What is the end result of mitosis?

Two identical diploid cells

What is the purpose of synapsis and crossing-over in eukaryotic cells?

ensure genetic variability of offspring

What happens when crossing-over occurs?

corresponding genes are exchanged between homologues

If an organism has a diploid number of 28, what will its haploid number be?

Bases complementary to adenine and guanine in DNA are respectively

Thymine and cytosine

Base-pairing rules dicate that a strand of DNA with the base sequence of ATCGTCAATC will form an opposite bs sequence of

TAGCAGTTAG

If the percentage of thymine on a DNA strand is 40%, what will the percentage of guanine be?

10%

Amino acids are assembled based on instructions encoded in teh sequence of necleotides on the

mRNA

translation takes place in/on the what?

ribosome

During the synthesis of protein, new mRNA is made by what process?

transcription

Base-pairing rules dictate in DNA replication that a strand of DNA with the base sequence of GTAATCATG will form an opposite base sequence of \_\_\_.

CATTAGTAC

List three items found in a molecule of nucleic acid

deoxyribose, phosphate, cytosine

the father of genetics

Gregor Mendel

Describe Gregor Mendel

a monk; a statistician; a gardener; Austrian

An organism having two different alleles for a trait

heterozygous

a tRNA with the anticodon GCA will bond with the codon \_\_\_.

CGU

In prokaryotic cells, DNA replication takes place in/on the \_\_\_.

Nucleoid

What is a mutation?

a gene sequence that is different than the parent gene

bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics by doing what?

acquiring an R-plasmid for resistance

Which prokaryote would you most likely find in hot acidic water?

thermoacidophile

Which of the following bacteria would you most likely find in the human intestine?

enteric

Photoautotrophic bacteria obtain energy

from the sun

Which type(s) of bacteria will be destroyed by the presence of oxygen?

obligate anaerobes

Many bacteria have pili that are used to what?

adhere to surfaces and join bacteria cells for conjugation

Which of the following bacteria are thought to be responsible for establishing the Earth's oxygen-rich atmosphere?

cyanobacteria

A bacteria that is nitrogen fixing does what

converts atmospheric nitrogen into nitrate

How does the antibiotic tetracycline attack bacteria?

by blocking protein synthesis

the small circular replicting loops of DNA that carry the genes to help make bacteria antibiotic resistant are called what?

plasmids

Most foodborne illness is transmitted by \_\_\_.

undercooked or raw meat

Name the 3 primary bacterial shapes.

bacillus, coccus, spirillum

Name some structures you would find in a bacteria cell.

ribosome, plasmid, DNA

A Gram-negative bacteria stains ___ because it has a ___ amount of peptidoglycan in its cell wall?

pink; small

The purpose of the endospore inside bacterium is to do what?

allow it to regenerate if it is destroyed

Once inside a cell, what enzyme allows a retrovirus to produce thousands of new viruses?

reverse transcriptase

How is the viral lytic cycle different from the lysogenic cycle?

The lytic cycle begins viral replication immediately on access to a cell.

A viral disease that occurs in childhood and may reappear in adulthood in different form is \_\_\_.

chickenpox

Viral hepatitis most commonly affects which organ?

liver

Protists are thought to have evolved over time from a larger prokaryote engulfing a smaller one until they were unique and separate organisms. This characteristic is termed \_\_\_\_.

endosymbiosis

The internal flowing of an organism's cytoplasm is called what?

cytoplasmic streaming

Which phylum of protist has no means of locomotion in adult form?

apicomplexa

pigments that trap light in green algae are called what?

chlorophyll

Diatoms are unicellular protists from which phylum?

bacillariophyta

protists from the phylum Myxomycota are also known as what?

plasmodial slime molds

Why are the plantlike protists classified as protists and not plants?

they have no roots, stems, or leaves

In a plant, the movement of sugar from its place of production to its place of storage is \_\_\_.

translocation

The opening and closing of stomata are regulated by the presence of which mineral?

potassium

What are the three basic organs of a plant?

roots, stems, and leaves

The plant structure found on the end of a stem or root where cells continuously divide is \_\_\_.

apical meristem

Sceondary growth in plants occurs from which structure?

lateral meristem

In a stem cross section, an annual ring represents an abrupt change between what?

summerwood and springwood

The driving force for transpiration is provided by what?

evaporation of water from the leaves

Water movement from the plant roots up to the stem relies on which two properties?

cohesion and adhesion

the process by which a plant moves and the loses water is called \_\_\_.

transpiration

Funguslike protists will generally form fruiting bodies when \_\_\_.

they get hungry and thirsty, they run out of food and water, or the weather turns cold

What occurs immediately following fertilization?

cleavage

A fluid-filled cavity that forms following gastrulation is called a \_\_\_.

coelom

The deep cavity that becomes the gut during embryonic development is the \_\_\_.

archenteron

Animals that have no body cavity and have a solid interior are called \_\_\_.

acoelomates

The process of coelom formation in protostomes is called \_\_\_.

schizocoely

Which phylum is a jellyfish in?

cnidaria

Which phylum is a flatworm in?

platyhelminthes

Which phylum is a sea star in?

echinodermata

Which phylum is a segmented worm in?

annelida

Which phylum is a roundworm in?

nematoda

Which phylum is a sponge in?

porifera

Most vertebrate embryos that are hatched or born undergo which type of development?

direct

The fate of the blastopore in a protostome is to become the \_\_\_.

mouth

When the fate of a cell is fixed late in its development, the cleavage is said to be \_\_\_.

indeterminate

Which phylum is an octopus in?

mollusca

Which phylum is a rotifer in?

rotifera

Which phylum is a lobster in?

arthropoda