Chapter 35: Vascular plant structure, growth, and development

Question 1

Angiosperms

Answer 1

Flowering plants

Question 2

2 clades of angiosperms

Answer 2

Monocots & eudicots

Question 3

3 basic organs of angiosperms

Answer 3

Roots, stems & leaves

Question 4

2 organ systems of angiosperms

Answer 4

Root system & shoot system

Question 5

Root system function

Answer 5

(Roots) Anchor the plant & absorb water/minerals

Question 6

Shoot system function

Answer 6

(Stems and leaves) Gather light and CO2 to make food and energy

Question 7

Taproot

Answer 7

Large vertical root with smaller roots that branch off (eudicot)

Question 8

Fibrous roots

Answer 8

Roots form a shallow mat (monocot); no dominant root like a taproot

Question 9

Primary root

Answer 9

First to emerge

Question 10

Lateral roots

Answer 10

Responsible for absorption

Question 11

Root hairs

Answer 11

Increase surface area of root tip; important in absorption

Question 12

Stem functions

Answer 12

Elevate the leaves
Storage and transport
Some photosynthesis

Question 13

Root functions

Answer 13

Anchor plant
Absorb water and minerals
Store carbs

Question 14

Stem parts

Answer 14

Apical bud

Axillary bud

Question 15

Apical bud

Answer 15

Growing shoot tip, causes elongation of a young shoot

Question 16

Axillary bud

Answer 16

Structure that has the potential to form a lateral branch, thorn, or flower

Question 17

Potato stem

Answer 17

Tuber

Question 18

Strawberry plant stem

Answer 18

Stolon

Question 19

Iris stem

Answer 19

Rhizome

Question 20

Leaf functions

Answer 20

Photosynthesis (conversion of light and CO2 to
make food and energy), increase attractiveness
to pollinators, protection

Question 21

Leaf parts

Answer 21

Blade & petiole

Question 22

Blade

Answer 22

Broad portion of leaf

Question 23

Petiole

Answer 23

Joins leaf to node of stem

Question 24

Monocot leaf veination

Answer 24

Parallel

Question 25

Eudicot leaf veination

Answer 25

Branching

Question 26

Types of leaf adaptations

Answer 26

Storage leaves (onion) Spines (cactus) Tendrils (grape)

Question 27

3 types of plant tissues

Answer 27

Dermal Vascular Ground

Question 28

Dermal tissue

Answer 28

made of cells that form the outer protective covering of the plant; regulates water loss, protects from physical damage or attack by pathogens

Question 29

Cuticle

Answer 29

A waxy coating that helps prevent water loss from the epidermis

Question 30

Above ground tissues are particularly susceptible to...

Answer 30

Desiccation (loss of moisture)

Question 31

Trichomes

Answer 31

hair-like outgrowths that can help with reducing water loss and in insect defense

Question 32

Vascular tissue function

Answer 32

facilitates the transport of materials through the plant and provides mechanical support

Question 33

2 types of vascular tissue

Answer 33

Xylem and phloem

Question 34

Xylem

Answer 34

conducts water and dissolved minerals upward from roots into the shoots

Question 35

Phloem

Answer 35

transports sugars from where they are made to where they are needed

Question 36

Vascular tissue is collectively called the...

Answer 36

Stele

Question 37

Ground tissue

Answer 37

made of cells that are neither vascular nor dermal; function in storage, photosynthesis, support, and transport

Question 38

Pith

Answer 38

internal to the vascular tissue

Question 39

Cortex

Answer 39

external to the vascular tissue

Question 40

Water-conducting cells, tracheids and vessel | elements, are ____ at maturity.

Answer 40

Dead

Question 41

Tracheids are found in the ____ of all vascular plants and can conduct _____.

Answer 41

Xylem, water

Question 42

Sieve-tube elements are _____ at maturity, though | they lack _______.

Answer 42

alive, organelles

Question 43

Sieve plates

Answer 43

Allow fluid flow between cells

Question 44

Major types of plant cells (5 types)

Answer 44

``` Tracheids Vessel elements Sieve-tube elements Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma ```

Question 45

Parenchyma cells

Answer 45

Thin, flexible walls Least specialized Metabolic functions

Question 46

Collenchyma cells

Answer 46

Thicker cell walls | Provide support

Question 47

Sclerenchyma cells

Answer 47

Strengthened with lignin and are rigid die at maturity include sclereids and fibers

Question 48

Annuals

Answer 48

complete their life cycle in a year or less (most crops and weeds)

Question 49

Biennials

Answer 49

Require 2 growing seasons

Question 50

Perennials

Answer 50

Live and grow for many years (trees, shrubs, grasses)

Question 51

Indeterminate growth

Answer 51

growth that is not terminated (compare: determinate growth in animals)

Question 52

What is responsible for indeterminate growth?

Answer 52

Meristems

Question 53

Apical meristems

Answer 53

located at the tips of roots and shoots; cause elongation of shoots and roots in a process called primary growth

Question 54

Lateral meristems

Answer 54

allow for increase in diameter in woody plants in a process called secondary growth

Question 55

2 types of lateral meristems

Answer 55

Vascular cambium & Cork cambium

Question 56

Vascular cambium

Answer 56

adds layers of vascular tissue called secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem

Question 57

Cork cambium

Answer 57

replaces the epidermis with periderm, which is thicker and tougher

Question 58

Root cap

Answer 58

Covers the root, protects the apical meristem | as the root pushes through soil

Question 59

3 root zones

Answer 59

Zone of cell division Zone of elongation Zone of differentiation (or maturation)

Question 60

Arrangement of ______ differs between eudicots | and monocots.

Answer 60

tissues

Question 61

In ______, the xylem is star-like in appearance with | phloem between the arms.

Answer 61

monocots

Question 62

In ______, a core of parenchyma cells is surrounded by rings of xylem then phloem.

Answer 62

eudicots

Question 63

Apical meristems produce:

Answer 63

leaf primordia (young leaves) and axillary buds

Question 64

Prevention of water loss is critical to the leaf surface, so most of the cuticle is protected by a...

Answer 64

Waxy layer

Question 65

Stoma

Answer 65

Allows for exchange of O2 and CO2 between the air and photosynthetic cells of the leaf as well as evaporation of H2O

Question 66

Guard cells

Answer 66

Surround the stoma and regulate opening and closing

Question 67

Mesophyll

Answer 67

Consists of parenchyma cells that are specialized for photosynthesis

Question 68

In woody plants, _______ contribute to the | growth of roots and stems.

Answer 68

Lateral meristems

Question 69

_______ occurs in older regions of the plant more distant from branch or root tips.

Answer 69

Secondary growth

Question 70

Secondary xylem

Answer 70

Wood

Question 71

Older layers of secondary xylem

Answer 71

Heartwood

Question 72

Outer layers of secondary xylem

Answer 72

Sapwood

Question 73

Older secondary phloem...

Answer 73

Does not accumulate

Question 74

Bark

Answer 74

all exterior tissues external to vascular cambium