Chapter 38: Plant Reproduction

Question 1

Flower

Answer 1

a reproductive shoot of the angiosperm

Question 2

Flower consists of 4 whorls of highly modified leaves”

Answer 2

sepals, petals, stamens and carpel

Question 3

receptacle

Answer 3

The part of a flower stalk where the parts of the flower are attached

Question 4

Sepal

Answer 4

non-reproductive; located at the base; typically functions protect the developing floral bud

Question 5

Petal

Answer 5

non-reproductive; often colorful and serve to attract insects or birds to disperse the plants’ pollen

Question 6

Stamen

Answer 6

reproductive, male; consists of a filament topped by an anther with pollen sacs that produce pollen

Question 7

Carpel

Answer 7

reproductive, female; has a long style with a
stigma on which pollen may land; base of the style is
an ovary containing one or more ovules/eggs

Question 8

pistil

Answer 8

a single carpel or group of fused carpels

Question 9

Complete flowers

Answer 9

contain all four floral organs

Question 10

Incomplete flowers

Answer 10

lack one or more floral organs, for example stamens or carpels

Question 11

monoecious

Answer 11

hermaphroditic; both male and female parts housed on one plant

Question 12

dioecious

Answer 12

the plants house male and female flowers on separate plants

Question 13

sporophyte

Answer 13

The multicellular diploid form that results from union of

gametes; meiosis in the sporophyte produces haploid spores that develop into gametophytes.

Question 14

gametophytes

Answer 14

The multicellular haploid form that produces haploid

gametes by mitosis; the gamete-producing generation

Question 15

Difference between sporophyte and gametophyte

Answer 15

Sporophyte is larger, more conspicuous, longer life span

Question 16

alternation of generations

Answer 16

the alternation of a sexual phase and an asexual phase in the life cycle of an organism (the alternation between sporophyte and gametophyte generations)

Question 17

The angiosperm life cycle includes (4 stages)

Answer 17

1. Gametophyte development
2. Pollination
3. Double Fertilization
4. Seed development

Question 18

The haploid gametes unite and develop into…

Answer 18

sporophytes

Question 19

Pollination

Answer 19

the male gametophyte (pollen grain) is transferred

from the anther to a stigma (This process is required for fertilization)

Question 20

Fertilization

Answer 20

the fusion of gametes, occurs after the two sperm reach the female gametophyte (ovule); requires pollination first

Question 21

Double fertilization

Answer 21

Two sperm cells unite with two cells in the female
gametophyte (embyro sac) to form the zygote and
endosperm; process specific to angiosperms

Egg > zygote
Polar nuclei > endosperm

Question 22

After double fertilization, the ovule develops into the…

Answer 22

seed

Question 23

After double fertilization, the ovary

develops into…

Answer 23

a fruit that encloses the seeds and aids in dispersal by wind or animals

Question 24

The sporophyte embryo develops from the…

Answer 24

zygote

Question 25

endosperm

Answer 25

stores nutrients that can be used by the seedling

Question 26

cotyledons

Answer 26

help supply the nutrition a plant embryo needs to germinate and become established as a photosynthetic organism ("seed leaf")

Question 27

seed coat

Answer 27

encloses the embryo and its food supply

Question 28

Eudicots: embryo consists of...

Answer 28

two cotyledons

Question 29

radicle

Answer 29

embryonic root

Question 30

Monocots: embryo consists of...

Answer 30

one cotyledon

Question 31

dormancy

Answer 31

condition of extremely low metabolic rate in which growth and development have been suspended

Question 32

Dormancy ______ the chances that germination will occur at a time and place most advantageous to the seedling

Answer 32

increases

Question 33

Germination

Answer 33

the sprouting of a seed, spore, or other reproductive body, usually after a period of dormancy

Question 34

imbibition

Answer 34

the uptake of water due to low water potential of the dry seed

Question 35

Germination depends on _______

Answer 35

imbibtion

Question 36

Hypocotyl

Answer 36

portion of the embryonic stem from roots up to the attachment site of the cotyledons

Question 37

The main advantage of flowers is...

Answer 37

Sexual reproduction

Question 38

Flowering is triggered by...

Answer 38

a combination of environmental cues and internal signals

Question 39

The thickening of the ovary wall forms the _____ of the fruit

Answer 39

pericap

Question 40

Simple fruits develop from....

Answer 40

a single or several fused carpels (Ex: pea)

Question 41

Aggregate fruits develop from....

Answer 41

a single flower with multiple separate carpels (Ex: raspberry)

Question 42

Multiple fruits develop from....

Answer 42

a group of flowers called an inflorescence (Ex: pineapple)

Question 43

Accessory fruit develop from...

Answer 43

adjacent tissue exterior to the carpel (Ex: apple)

Question 44

Sexual reproduction

Answer 44

production of offspring from female and male parents; parents provide haploid gametes that united to form the zygote; offspring are a genetic combination of parents

Question 45

Asexual reproduction

Answer 45

production of offspring from a single parent; offspring are genetically identical to the parent

Question 46

Fragmentation

Answer 46

body of one parent plant separates or fragments into smaller pieces, each of which is capable of independent existence

Question 47

Apomixis

Answer 47

production of seeds without fertilization; diploid, sporophyte cells within an ovule grow into an embryo, without forming gametes and the integuments surrounding the embryo harden to form a seed coat

Question 48

Advantages of sexual reproduction

Answer 48

Genetic variation, adaptations, seeds are dispersed

Question 49

Advantages of asexual reproduction

Answer 49

Genetically identical offspring will be well-suited to environment if parent is, requires less energy expenditure, larger and have higher survival rates