Chapter 45: Animal Hormones

Question 1

Adrenaline

Answer 1

(Epinephrine) a hormone secreted by the adrenal gland and helps the body to adjust to sudden stress; increases strength and rate of the heartbeat and raises the blood pressure; speeds up conversion of glycogen into glucose, which provides energy to the muscles

Question 2

Hormone

Answer 2

chemical signal secreted into the circulatory system that communicates regulatory messages in the body

Question 3

2 basic functions of hormones

Answer 3

1. responsible for sequential changes of growth and maturation
2. agents of response when homeostasis is disrupted

Question 4

The action of a hormone is entirely dependent on

Answer 4

the target cell

Question 5

Endocrine gland

Answer 5

gland that secretes hormones directly into the interstitial fluid surrounding the gland and the hormone diffuses into the circulatory system; ductless gland

Question 6

Exocrine gland

Answer 6

glands that secrete into ducts

Question 7

Neurosecretory cells

Answer 7

nerve cells that secrete hormones in response to nerve impulses

Question 8

Neurohormones

Answer 8

hormones produced by neurosecretory cells

Question 9

Endocrine signaling

Answer 9

secreted molecules diffuse into the blood and affect target cells

Question 10

Paracrine signaling

Answer 10

secreted molecules diffuse locally and affect target cells (local hormone)

Question 11

Autocrine signaling

Answer 11

secreted molecules diffuse locally and trigger a response from the cells that secrete them

Question 12

Synaptic signaling

Answer 12

neurotransmitters diffuse across synapses and trigger responses in target tissues

Question 13

Neuroendocrine signaling

Answer 13

neurohormones diffuse into the blood and target cells in the body

Question 14

Local regulators

Answer 14

molecules that act over short distances, reaching target cells solely by diffusion (i.e. paracrine and autocrine signaling)

Question 15

Neurotransmitters

Answer 15

a molecule released from a synapse that triggers a response (local regulator)

Question 16

Prostoglandin

Answer 16

a fatty acid that is secreted from a tissue and performs as a local regulator

Question 17

Human growth hormone (GH) is produced in the

Answer 17

anterior pituitary gland

Question 18

Human growth hormone (GH) stimulates the growth of

Answer 18

muscle, cartilage, and bone, and causes many cells to speed up protein synthesis, cell division (growth)

Question 19

Negative feedback after puberty results in

Answer 19

less GH and growth

Question 20

Cause of gigantism

Answer 20

Overproduction of GH

Question 21

Cause of dwarfism

Answer 21

Underproduction of GH

Question 22

Acromegaly

Answer 22

the secretion of excess growth hormone after puberty (when further increase in height is impossible).

Question 23

Steroid hormone examples

Answer 23

testosterone, estrogen, cortisol

Question 24

Steroid hormones

Answer 24

lipid-soluble, and can pass directly through the phospholipid bilayer of cell membranes

Question 25

The receptors for steroid hormones

Answer 25

.lie within or near cell DNA (tend to act slowly)

Question 26

Nonsteroid hormone examples

Answer 26

epinephrine, insulin, serotonin

Question 27

Nonsteroid hormones

Answer 27

not lipid-soluble, so they cannot penetrate the cell membrane. Instead, they are picked up by receptors on the cell’s surface. They are mainly composed of amino acids. They are easily transported in the blood. Tend to act quickly and powerfully

Question 28

binding of the hormone with the receptor initiates a

Answer 28

signal transduction pathway

Question 29

The actual cell response at the end of the signal transduction pathway may arise as a result of

Answer 29

transcriptional regulation or post translational modification

Question 30

What regulates the pituitary gland?

Answer 30

Hypothalamus

Question 31

Pituitary gland

Answer 31

stimulates thyroid and thymus; stimulates growth hormone, water retention, egg/sperm development, milk production, and much more

Question 32

Adrenal glands

Answer 32

raises blood glucose, affects Na/K levels, produces small amounts of sex hormones, regulates kidney function

Question 33

Thyroid

Answer 33

regulates metabolic rate and development, lowers calcium levels

Question 34

Parathyroid

Answer 34

raises blood calcium levels

Question 35

Thymus

Answer 35

produces T cells for the immune response

Question 36

Pineal gland

Answer 36

regulates sleep, circadian rhythm, and possibly onset of puberty

Question 37

Pancreas

Answer 37

monitors blood glucose levels

Question 38

Gonads

Answer 38

spermatogenesis, oogenesis, secondary sex characteristics

Question 39

Posterior pituitary releases two non-tropic hormones:

Answer 39

antidiuretic hormone, oxytocin

Question 40

Non-tropic hormones

Answer 40

hormones that directly stimulate target cells to induce effects

Question 41

Tropic hormones

Answer 41

hormones that have other endocrine glands as their targets

Question 42

Oxytocin

Answer 42

involved in generating uterine contractions during childbirth, acts on mammary glands to stimulate milk production

Question 43

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Answer 43

regulates and balances the amount of water in your blood

Question 44

Antagonistic hormones

Answer 44

2 hormones that have opposite effects on a physiological process and thereby exert tight control over the physiological process

Question 45

glucagon and insulin

Answer 45

control blood glucose

Question 46

parathyroid hormone and calcitonin

Answer 46

control calcium (Ca2+) levels in the blood

Question 47

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and lutenizing hormone (LH)

Answer 47

stimulate the growth and functioning of the ovaries and testes which produce estrogen and testosterone (not produced until puberty)

Question 48

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Answer 48

maintains basal metabolic rate

Question 49

ACTH

Answer 49

cortisol

Question 50

Prolactin (PRL)

Answer 50

important in sexually dimorphic traits, stimulates milk production in female mammals.

Question 51

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

Answer 51

darkens skin

Question 52

Thyroid hormones regulate metabolic rate through two _____ feedback loops

Answer 52

negative

Question 53

The hypothalamus secretes ______ that increases secretion of ______ by the anterior pituitary.

Answer 53

TRH; TSH

Question 54

Diabetes

Answer 54

endocrine disorder in which sufficient uptake of glucose from the blood does not occur.

Question 55

Two causes of diabetes:

Answer 55

1. Beta cells do not produce insulin (Type 1 diabetes; juvenile diabetes) 2. Target cells do not respond to insulin because of a dysfunction in the endocrine receptors (Type 2; adult-onset).

Question 56

Two problems that arise from diabetes:

Answer 56

1. blood acidified | 2. dehydration

Question 57

Osmoregulation results from

Answer 57

negative feedback

Question 58

increased ADH results in ____ urine

Answer 58

More

Question 59

Alcohol ______ the release of ADH

Answer 59

Inhibits

Question 60

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)

Answer 60

part of a complex feedback circuit that functions in homeostasis (blood pressure/fluid balance)

Question 61

A drop in blood pressure near the glomerulus causes the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)

Answer 61

to release the enzyme renin

Question 62

Renin triggers the formation of

Answer 62

the peptide angiotensin II

Question 63

angiotensin II

Answer 63

help to conserve body water and salts to compensate for the increased outflow of both after major wounds or diarrhea

Question 64

Endorphins are secreted by

Answer 64

The anterior pituitary