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BIO 211 > Chapter 40: Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function > Flashcards

Chapter 40: Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function Flashcards

1
Q

metabolic rate

A

amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time

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2
Q

Metabolic rate is inversely proportional to…

A

body mass

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3
Q

homeostasis

A

maintaining a steady internal state regardless of external environment

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4
Q

Ectotherm

A

primarily use heat from the external environment to warm their internal body temperature

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5
Q

Endotherm

A

use heat generated internally by metabolic reactions to maintain body temperature

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6
Q

Basal metabolic rate

A

the amount of energy that an endothermic animal uses to sustain basic functions

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7
Q

Standard metabolic rate

A

the amount of energy that an ectotherm animal uses to sustain basic functions

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8
Q

negative feedback

A

a process that detects a stimulus and returns the body to a normal range

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9
Q

Water - negative feedback

A

Brain triggers thirst when it detects a low blood volume

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10
Q

Electrolytes (ions) - negative feedback

A

Potassium is needed for nerve and muscle function or your muscles cramp; calcium is needed for blood clotting and muscle/nerve function

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11
Q

Sugar - negative feedback

A

Glucose is a key source of energy. Without it, you are lethargic

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12
Q

Evaporation

A

a type of vaporization that occurs on the surface of a liquid as it changes into the gas phase; an efficient means to rid the body of excessive heat energy, thereby cooling it

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13
Q

Radiation

A

the transfer of energy with via electromagnetic waves (e.g., sun, fire).

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14
Q

Convection

A

the movement of heat by actual motion (e.g., warm breeze).

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15
Q

Conduction

A

the transfer of heat energy by direct contact (e.g., the warm rock).

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16
Q

integumentary system

A

skin, hair, nails

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17
Q

Thermoregulation

A

processes by which animals maintain an internal temperature within a tolerable range

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18
Q

3 ways to measure metabolism

A
  1. Monitoring heat loss
  2. Amount of O2 consumed/CO2 produced via respiration
  3. Measuring energy content of food consumed and energy lost in waste products
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19
Q

Oxytocin during delivery of the baby is ____ feedback

A

Positive

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20
Q

Stimulus is detected by _____

A

Sensors/receptors

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21
Q

After a stimulus is detected what is triggered?

A

Response/effectors

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22
Q

5 adaptations for thermoregulation

A 
– Insulation
– Circulatory adaptations
– Cooling by evaporative heat loss
– Behavioral responses
– Adjusting metabolic heat production
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23
Q

Insulation

A

hair, feathers and fat traps heat near the body surface

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24
Q

Circulatory adaptations

A

vasodilation / vasoconstriction; counter-current heat exchangers

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25
Q

Vasodilation

A

blood flow in the skin increases, facilitating heat loss

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26
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

blood flow in the skin decreases, lowering heat loss

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27
Q

countercurrent exchange

A

transfer heat between fluids flowing in opposite directions and thereby reduce heat loss (usually in marine mammals and birds)

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28
Q

Examples of cooling by evaporative heat loss

A

Sweating, panting, bathing, licking

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29
Q

Examples of behavioral adaptation for thermoregulation

A
  1. honeybees that huddle together in cold weather

2. standing with your backside to the wind when it is very cold and windy

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30
Q

Thermogenesis (+example)

A

he adjustment of metabolic heat production to maintain body temperature (i.e. shivering)

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31
Q

Parts of thermoregulation

  • Receptor
  • Control Center
  • Effectors
  • Result
A

Receptor: skin
Control center: brain
Effectors: muscles
Result: goosebumps (just one example)

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32
Q

Is thermoregulation positive or negative feedback?

A

Negative

33
Q

Thermoregulation in mammals is controlled by the….

A

Hypothalamus

34
Q

Blood clotting is _____ feedback

A

Positive

35
Q

Uterine contractions are _____ feedback

A

Positive

36
Q

A fever is _____ feedback

A

Positive

37
Q

A fever is activated by _______

A

Pyrogens

38
Q

rate of exchange is proportional to

A

surface area of cell

39
Q

amount of exchange is proportional to

A

volume of cell

40
Q

Tissues

A

groups of cells with similar function

41
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

covers the body, lines body cavities, composes glands

42
Q

Connective tissue

A

connects structures of the body, provides structural support, holds organs together

43
Q

Muscle tissue

A

allows movement and produces heat for the body

44
Q

Nervous tissue

A

responds to the environment by detecting, processing, and coordinating information

45
Q

________ is a covering and lining tissue. It is found everywhere there is a surface.

A

Epithelial tissue

46
Q

______ has no blood vessels

It is composed of cells laid together in sheets.

A

Epithelial tissue

47
Q

Simple epithelium

A

has one layer of cells and usually functions as a diffusion or absorption membrane. Examples: Lining of blood vessels and respiratory tract.

48
Q

Stratified epithelium

A

has many layers of cells and is designed for protection. Examples: Outer layer of skin.

49
Q

Glandular epithelium

A

secretes products into the body

50
Q

exocrine glands

A

secrete products into ducts (e.g., salivary glands, sweat glands)

51
Q

endocrine glands

A

have no ducts; they secrete directly into the surrounding extracellular fluid (e.g., adrenal glands, thyroid glands, pituitary glands)

52
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium is found in…

A

glandular tissue and in the kidney tubules

53
Q

Simple columnar epithelium is found in…

A

stomach lining and intenstines

54
Q

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium is found in….

A

respiratory tract lining

55
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium is found in….

A

upper surface of the tongue, the hard palate of the mouth, the esophagus and anus

56
Q

Simple squamous epithelium is found in….

A

alveoli in the lungs

57
Q

Collagen

A

for strength; one of the most abundant proteins in the animal kingdom

58
Q

Elastin

A

for flexibility, stretch, and recoil

59
Q

Types of connective tissues

A

Cartilage, bone, blood, lymph

60
Q

_____ is a unique connective tissue because it is avascular

A

Cartilage

61
Q

Cartilage is made from

A

chondrocytes

62
Q

Osteoarthritis is difficult to treat because…

A

Cartilage is avascular

63
Q

Hyaline connective tissue is found in…

A
  • found at the ends of your bones and allows bones to slide against one another without causing damage
  • found in the trachea and your nose
  • during development your entire skeleton is hyaline cartilage; hyaline cartilage is replaced by ossification (hardening)
64
Q

Elastic connective tissue

A

allows the tissue to bend and then return to shape

examples: ear and epiglottis in trachea

65
Q

Bone

A

hard, mineralized tissue found in the skeleton

66
Q

canaliculi

A

a small channel in ossified bone; it’s how cells remain in contact with each other

67
Q

Blood and lymph are _____ connective tissues

A

Soft

68
Q

Blood

A

composed of specialized cells that are carried in the fluid matrix, or plasma; main function is to transport nutrients, gases, hormones, and wastes

69
Q

Lymph

A

derived from the interstitial fluid that bathes the cells; is collected in the lymphatic vessels

70
Q

Adipose tissue contains cells that are specialized for

A

Lipid storage

71
Q

Adipose tissue does not have…

A

extensive cellular matrix

72
Q

Cellulite “bumps” on the skin indicate…

A

where the adipose matrix is connected to the skin

73
Q

Skeletal muscular tissue

A

moves limbs and stabilizes our trunk; have more than one nucleus; voluntary (example: biceps)

74
Q

Smooth muscle

A

lines blood vessels and moves food through your digestive tract; one nucleus per cell; involuntary

75
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

located in heart; one nucleus per cell; involuntary (contracts without your control)

76
Q

What facilitates the rhythmic control of the heartbeat?

A

intercalated discs

77
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

gathers messages from the body’s sensory organs to the spinal cord, which routes the information to the brain. It also carries impulses that cause muscular movement or glandular secretion.

78
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord; receives and integrates information

79
Q

endocrine system

A

transmits chemical signals called hormones to receptive cells

BIO 211 (22 decks)

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