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ALU 201 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the principal testicular hormones

A

testosterone, androstenedione and dihydrotestosterone

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2
Q

which hormone is responsible for male secondary sexual characteristics

A

testosterone

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3
Q

what are the 3 layers of the uterus

A

perimetrium (serosa), myometrium (smooth muscle) and endometrium

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4
Q

what are the principal female hormones

A

hypothalamic GnRH, pituitary FSH and LH, estrogen, progesterone (last 2 produced by ovaries)

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5
Q

what is function of estrogen

A

causes growth of reproductive organs, regulates fat deposition, lipid and calcium metabolism, hypothalamic temperature, vasomotor activity production of vaginal secretions

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6
Q

BPH is common starting at what age

A

45, prevalence increases to 50% by age 60 and over 80% by age 80

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7
Q

when/how does BPH occur

A

when the glandular tissue thickens due to stimulation by testosterone, producing nonmalignant hyperplasia, also called adenomatous hyperplasia. the extra mass of tissue sometimes compresses the bladder and urethra

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8
Q

what is treatment of choice for BPH

A

watchful waiting

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9
Q

what are non-invasive treatments for BPH

A

meds (prosper, avodart, hytrin, doxazosin, uroxatral, flomax)

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10
Q

what are possible side effects of BPH meds

A

ED

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11
Q

how much can finasteride and dutasteride reduce PSA (%)?

A

50%

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12
Q

what are minimally invasive treatments for BPH

A

TUMT, TUIP, TUNA, ILC, VLAP

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13
Q

what surgery can be done to treat BPH and in what scenario

A

TURP, for severe symptoms

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14
Q

what are possible complications of TURP

A

ED, incontinence

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15
Q

is PSA prostate cancer specific?

A

it is prostate specific, but not prostate cancer specific.

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16
Q

males with prostate cancer tend to have a ______ free PSA then those without prostate cancer

A

lower

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17
Q

when is inflammatory prostatitis diagnosed

A

when WBC are found in urine or prostatic secretions, while absence of WBCs indicates non-inflammatory prostatitis

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18
Q

what is the standard treatment for pathogen-associated prostatitis (bacterial)

A

antimicrobials

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19
Q

how would a prostate abscess be confirmed and how would it be treated

A

ultrasound for dx, surgery for treatment

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20
Q

what is prostatodynia and how is it treated

A

condition that mimics prostatitis but w/o evidence of infection or inflammation. symptomatic relief with prostatic massage, hot situ baths, analgesics

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21
Q

can prostate stones be underlying cause of prostatitis

A

yes

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22
Q

how are prostate stones detected

A

ultrasound

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23
Q

what are causes of prostate stones

A

prostatic secretions that do not leave the gland due to blockage of the glandular ducts. or products of infection that are not completely remoed

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24
Q

what tests are done for solitary prostate nodule

A

nodules detected by DRE or US. then followed with PSA, if nodules don’t disappear or PSA doesn’t drop with abs, bx must be done.

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25
is testicular cancer highly treatable?
yes, highly treatable and curable
26
in what age groups does testicular cancer usually appear
young and middle aged males
27
what are early symptoms of testicular cancer
nonspecific, with heavy feeling in the area of testicles being most common
28
how is testicular cancer diagnosed
physical exam, scrotum ultrasound. if mass found then CT and CXRs
29
what are two histologic types of testicular cancer
seminoma and nonseminoma
30
are seminomas or nonseminomas more sensitive to radiation?
seminomas
31
what is the cur rate for seminomas
over 90%
32
are seminomas or nonseminomas more aggressive
nonseminoma
33
what are treatments for testicular cancer
orchiectomy, radiation and/or chemo.
34
what is a common cause of testicular atrophy
anabolic steroids
35
what is cryptorchism
failure of one or both tests to descend into the scritum
36
does crypto archaism present higher or lower risk of testicular cancer
higher
37
what is epididymitis and orchitis
infections of testes and supporting structures
38
what is hydrocele and how is it treated
mass in scrotum from excessive accumulation of fluid. can be treated with surgery aspiration, or injection of sclerotic meds
39
what is a spermatocele and how can it be treated
mass or cystic structure which contains sperm, tx surgery or aspiration
40
what is a varicoceoe
swelling in scrotum caused by varicose veins
41
what are possible underlying causes of ED
hormonal, psychological, vascular, neurological
42
what is primary underlying cause of ED
endothelial dysfunction a/w diabetes, HTN or atherosclerosis - also can be d/t MS, nerve damage from prostate surgery or spinal fx
43
what are contraindications for taking any ED med
hx of arrhythmia or the unstable cardiac disorder treated with nitrates
44
what is fibrocystic breast disease
general term for variety of conditions of breast that involve lumpiness, cysts or inflammation
45
what are underlying causes of fibrocystic breast disease
hormonal changes that cause swelling, infections or cysts
46
what are fibroadenomas
benign breast tumors that usually develop in young females
47
is ductal papilloma (of breast) benign or malignant and how are they diagnosed
benign, though can occasionally become malignant. dx'd with galactogram, or ductogram.
48
Paget's disease of the Breast is a form of ____
DCIS
49
what are symptoms of Paget's disease of breast
crusting, scaling erosion of nipple, and a discharge that can be milky or bloody
50
cancer is present in less than ____ % of females who have any kind of nipple discharge
10%
51
define endometriosis
presence of endometrial tissue outside of the uterine cavity
52
what is the preferred mode of dx for endometriosis
laparoscopy
53
what is amenorrhea
absence of menstrual periods
54
what is dysmenorrhea
painful periods
55
what is oligomenorrhea
infrequent periods
56
what is polymenorrhea
menstrual cycles 21 days or less
57
what is menorrhagia
heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding with regular cycle
58
metorrhagia
bleeding between regular menstrual periods
59
postmenopausal bleeding
any bleeding that occurs 6 months or more after menopause
60
dysfunctional uterine bleeding
bleeding associated with hormone abnormalities
61
PCOS is associated with _____ and ____
oligomenorrhea and amenorrhea
62
what are the main features of PCOS
elevated male hormones (androgens), ovulatory dysfunction (oligo or anovulation), abnml menstrual cycles, obesity, hursutism (abnml facial hair), infertility, insulin resistance
63
what are some underlying causes of PCOS
primary hyperandrogegism, adrenal hyperplasia, hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction
64
families with which syndromes (genetic) have increased risk for gynecologic tumors?
HNPCC and BRCA
65
what are the two types of endometrial cancer and which one tends to metastasize readily
type 1 associated with increased estrogen. type 2 not associated with increased estrogen and tends to mets readily
66
what are the most significant prognostic factors with endometrial cancer
degree of differentiation, depth of invasion, cervical invasion, extrauterine mets, presence or absence of progesterone
67
what are risk factors for type 1 endometrial cancer
unopposed estrogen treatment, have used tamoxifen, morbid obesity, diabetes and HTN, hx of ovulatory dysfunction, genetic predisopsition
68
do type 1 endometrial tumors tend to be low or high grade
low grade
69
do type 1 endometrial tumors have progesterone receptor levels that are high
yes
70
which women are most at risk for type 2 endometrial tumors
over age 70
71
what cell types are usually in grade 2 endometrial tumors? are they higher or lower grade? low or high progesterone levels?
papillary or clear cell, higher grade, lower progesterone levels
72
what % of ovarian cancer is in age >65
50%
73
do most women have widespread disease at time of ovarian cancer dx? why or why not
yes, because asxs early on usually get late dx
74
what tests are done for ovarian cancer dx
hcg, CEA, LDH, transvag US
75
which lab test is commonly elevated with normal pregnancy
alk phos
76
is HPV relapse frequent, requiring re-treatment?
yes
77
is clear cell carcinoma the most common cell type of cervical cancer
no
78
does cigarette smoking increase risk of CIN
yes

ALU 201 (20 decks)

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