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ALU 201 > Chapter 7 - Respiratory System > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - Respiratory System Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the name for the tiny air sacs where blood exchanges carbon dioxide for oxygen

A

alveoli

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2
Q

define respiration

A

the gas exchange that takes place in the alveoli by which carbon dioxide is exhaled and oxygen is taken up by the RBC

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3
Q

how does deoxygenated blood reach the lungs

A

through the pulmonary arteries from the rt side of the heart (RV) which has received deoxygenated blood from the rest of the body.

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4
Q

where does blood go once oxygenated

A

it is returned by the pulmonary veins to the lt atrium then the LV to be distributed to the rest of the body

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5
Q

what is the avg pressure in the pulmonary arteries

A

10-20 mmHg

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6
Q

what does spirometry measure

A

forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and the ratio of the two.

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7
Q

what FEV1/FVC ratio can be considered normal

A

> 80%

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8
Q

what spirometry result is consistent with GOLD criteria for COPD

A

FEV1/FVS <70% post bronchodilator

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9
Q

what can spirometry reveal

A

airway obstruction, chest wall or lung restriction, normal lung function

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10
Q

what is FVC

A

max volume of air exhaled

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11
Q

what is FEV1

A

forced expiratory volume in one second

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12
Q

what test best evaluates for pulmonary emboli

A

CTA

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13
Q

name risk factors for OSA (13 in textbook)

A

male gender, older age, snoring, obesity, nasal obstruction, tonsils or uvular hypertrophy, jaw abnormalities, ETOH abuse, hypothyroidism, COPD, acromegaly, use of tranquilizers, postmenopause

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14
Q

what are symptoms of sleep apnea

A

snoring, gasping, thrashing, daytime sleepiness, fatigue, cognitive impairment, personality change, morning headache

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15
Q

what does a full PSG include

A

EEG, EOG, EKG, Oximetry, measurement of airflow at nose and mouth, measurement of inspiratory effort, monitoring of limb movement.

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16
Q

what are the 2 major consequences of sleep apnea

A

sleep fragmentation, episodic hypoxia

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17
Q

what are causes of death with sleep apnea

A

MVAs, MIs, stroke, CHF, sudden death from cardiac arrhythmias.

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18
Q

what are some results of long term untreated sleep apnea

A

hypertensive LVH, pulmonary HTN, rt heart failure

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19
Q

what is lung remodeling

A

if asthma is sub optimally treated or untreated, it can evolve into COPD in a process called remodeling

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20
Q

what info is important to underwrite asthma

A

frequency and severity of attacks, hospitalizations, treatment, long term therapy with systemic corticosteroids

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21
Q

what is status asthmaticus

A

a severe asthma attach that does not respond to the usual measures

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22
Q

poorer prognosis in those diagnosed with asthma after age ____

A

40

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23
Q

when is increased mortality in childhood asthma a concern

A

adolescents who refuse to use their meds, and children who lived in impoverished communities

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24
Q

what is atelectasis

A

the collapse of a portion of lung tissue

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25
what is usual cause of atelectasis
obstruction of an airway, as seen in pneumonia when airways plugged with mucus. other causes: aspiration, tumors
26
what are blebs and bullae
air0conditioning cavities within the lungs. rarely significant
27
what is bronchiectasis and what are the usual manifestations
abnormal dilatation of a distal bronchus. clinical manifestation by chronic cough, sputum production, hemoptysis, poss SOB
28
what is cause of bronchiectasis
prior lung infection that has destroyed the normal muscular and elastic tissues of the bronchial wall and the cilia lining that helps clear secretions.
29
is bronchiectasis present with underlying problem what is prognosis
long term prognosis usually poor due to recurring infectious exacerbations
30
what are major hazards with localized bronchiectasis in an otherwise healthy person
recurrent and severe hemoptysis and ongoing and ever-worsening lung infection
31
when is chronic abx given for bronchiectasis
only when significant, severe disease with high mortality risk
32
what is COPD
encompassing term including chronic bronchitis, emphysema, chronic asthma (with remodeling), and bronchiectasis
33
what is the 3rd leading cause of death worldwide and 4th leading in USA
COPD
34
what are risk factors with COPD
ongoing smoking, repeated respiratory infections, family hx of chronic bronchitis
35
what is best way to assess progression of COPD
PFTs
36
what FEV1 is consistent with good prognosis in COPD
stable over 80%
37
what FEV1 indicates increased mortality in COPD
60-80%
38
careful uwing needed in COPD with FEV1 under what
60%
39
what is chronic bronchitis
chronic cough and sputum production for at least 3 months a year for 2 consecutive years
40
what is emphysema
destruction of alveoli
41
what is cystic fibrosis
a genetic disease of the lungs and pancreas and/or intestinal malabsorption who have a family hx of CF.
42
how is cystic fibrosis diagnosed
through chloride concentration in the sweat
43
what is honeycomb lung
serious disease, occ seen on CXRs, end stage chronic lung fibrosis f any cause, most commonly end stage idiopathic/infectious disease (Sarcoidosis, chronic TB, fungal disease)
44
what is hypersensitivity lung disease
pulmonary reaction to organic dust with spontaneous recovery if there is no further exposure (farmers lung, pigeon breeders disease, etc)
45
interstitial lung dsiease
causes inflammation and eventual fibrosis in the interstitial space. most serious consequence of ILD is seen when it occurs along with collagen vascular disease such as RA, SLE or scleroderma
46
what is empyema
pleurisy with collection of pus in the pleural space, usually s/t pneumonia
47
what is classic presentation of pulmonary embolism
chest pain, SOB, cough productive of bloody sputum
48
what are the three overlapping factors that predispose to venous thrombosis
local trauma to the vessel wall, hyper coagulability, stasis
49
a lung nodule that is over what size is called a mass and considered to be cancer until proven otherwise
3cm
50
how long does pulmonary nodule have to be present and unchanged before considered most certainly benign
3 or more eyars
51
pulmonary nodules in which zones are more significant or more likely to be malignant
upper lung zone solitairy nodules or multiple nodules of varying sizes in the lower lung zones
52
what terms on CXR or CT should be considered malignant until proven otherwise
speculated nodule or ground glass associated nodule
53
does positive uptake on PET scan prove cancer
no, can be caused by infection too. also some slow growing cancers can show no uptake
54
what is the only way to absolutely prove innocent nodule
surgical removal with path report
55
what s pulmonary fibrosis
presence of scar tissue in the lungs
56
what are some causes for diffuse interstitial lung disease
infections, occupational exposure, heart disease with chronic pulmonary congestion, collagen vascular dseiases (SLW, RA, progressive systemic sclerosis), sarcoidosis, cancer
57
how is sarcoidosis staged
amount of lung and mediastinal/hilar lymph node involvement on a regular CXR (Not CT)
58
lung cancer is ____ times more frequent in smokers
5-10 times
59
what is the number one cause of cancer death in males and female in US
lung cancer
60
what does pulmonary diffusing capacity measure? a. capacity of the lungs during rapid breathing b. total alveolar-capillary volume available for gas exchange c. amount of air expelled in the first second of forced expiration. d. total amount of air that can be exhaled after deep inspiration
b. total alveolar-capillary volume available for gas exchange
61
lung diseases attributable to asbestos exposure include all of the following EXCEPT: 1. mesothelioma 2. asbestosis 3. black lung 4. lung cancer
2. black lung
62
respiratory sounds caused by fluid in the airways include which of the following? a. rales b. rhonchi c. crackles
a b and c
63
which of the following is most likely y to be malignant? a. bronchial adenoma b. speculated nodule c. granuloma d. hamartoma
b
64
a family history of early onset emphysema is suggestive of
alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency
65
describe the staging criteria for sarcoidosis
stage 1- b/l enlargment of the LNs of lungs (hilar nodes and no lung involvement. stage 2- both lung reticulonodular interstitial changes and prominent mediastinal/hilar LN enlargement. stage 3 - persisting lung involvement with gradual resolution of the mediastinal/hilar LN enlargement. stage 4- end stage fibrotic lung disease
66
what is DLCO
DLCO or TLCO (diffusing capacity or transfer factor of the lung for carbon monoxide (CO),[1]) is the extent to which oxygen passes from the air sacs of the lungs into the blood
67
The pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lung to the___
Left atrium
68
All of the following statements regarding tuberculosis are correct except: 1. False positives and testing are common place 2. TB can affect any tissue or organ 3. Before the advent of affective therapy it was a disease with high mortality 4. Primary infections with TB bacillus are extraordinarily common
1. False positives and testing are common place (false)
69
What does pulmonary diffusing capacity measure
Capacity of the lungs to exchange carbon dioxide
70
What are the respiratory sounds caused by fluid in the airways
Rales, rhoncho, crackles
71
Is tuberculosis an inflammatory lung disease
Yes

ALU 201 (20 decks)

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