Chapter 4

Question 1

What 2 fundamental assumptions is skinners work based on?

Answer 1

1. Human behaviour follows certain laws
2. Causes of this behaviour are outside of the person and can be observed

Question 2

Independent variable

Answer 2

Is the cause
What you are manipulating

Question 3

Dependant variable

Answer 3

Is the effect (dependant on the indapendant)
You are measuring what you manipulated

Question 4

Respondents vs. Operants

Answer 4

Respondents: responses elicited by a stimuli (organism reacts to the environment, involuntary)
Operants: responses emitted by the organism (organism acts on the environment, voluntary)

Question 5

Are Pavlov’s test subject respondents or operants?

Answer 5

Respondents

Question 6

Are Skinners test subject respondents or operants?

Answer 6

Operants

Question 7

Will the presence of a positive reinforcement increase or decrease the frequency of a behaviour?

Answer 7

Increase

Question 8

Will the removal of a negative reinforcement increase or decrease the frequency of a behaviour?

Answer 8

Increase

Question 9

What type of reinforcement does Disney use for its employees?

Answer 9

Positive reinforcement

Question 10

What is the dependant/independant variables in reinforcement schedules?

Answer 10

Dependant- acquisition rate
Independant- the schedule the rewards are administered on

Question 11

Continuous vs. Intermittent vs. combined reinforcement schedules

Answer 11

Continuous - every time
Intermittent - occurs only some of the time
Combined - both continuous and intermittent

Question 12

Fixed ratios and random ratios

Answer 12

Ratios = #
Fixed = reinforcement after a set (specific) amount of responses
Random = reinforcement after a random number of responses

Question 13

Fixed intervals and random intervals

Answer 13

Interval = time
Fixed= The 1st response is rewarded after a specific amount of time
Random = reinforcement is rewarded at unpredictable times

Question 14

Concurrent reinforcement

Answer 14

Different schedules associated with different behaviours are presented concurrently (at the same time)

Question 15

Magazine training

Answer 15

1. Animal is taught where to get its reward
2. Experimenter demonstrates the process for attaining the reward
3. Animal is typically deprived of food for 24+ hours to increase reinforces effectiveness

Question 16

what reinforcement schedule leads to rapid extinction?

Answer 16

Continuos schedule
Extinction occurs faster in fixed schedules than in variable (random) schedules

Question 17

Premack principle

Answer 17

A favoured behaviour may be used to reinforced less liked behaviours (ice cream after eating your spinach)

Question 18

The attention economy

Answer 18

Attention turns into helping/paying the corporation

Question 19

Dopamine labs

Answer 19

The idea proposed to companies that they can increase engagement by 30% by giving “bursts of dopamine”
New experience = dopamine
Watching a new video/ad = dopamine