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Psych 2GG3 Test 1 > Textbook > Flashcards

Textbook Flashcards

1
Q

What method of investigation did Descartes use to study himself

A

Introspection

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2
Q

What is psychophysics?

A

The measurement of physical stimuli and their effects

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3
Q

Webber’s law

A

JNDs require greater increases as stimulus intensity increases

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4
Q

Sucking reflex

A

All infants suck when mouth is appropriately stimulated

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5
Q

Moro-reflex

A

Infants startle reflex

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6
Q

Introceptive conditioning

A

Conditions of actions involving glands or involuntary muscles

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7
Q

Contiguity

A

Occurs at the same place and time

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8
Q

Contingency

A

When the occurrence of one event depends on the occurrence of the other

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9
Q

Is Operant conditioning an example of contiguity or contingency

A

Contingency

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10
Q

Delayed pairing

A

(Cs) is presented before the (US) and continues during the presentation of the (US)

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11
Q

Trace pairing

A

The (cs) starts and ends before the (US)

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12
Q

Backward pairing

A

The (US) has already been presented and removed before presentation of the (cs)

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13
Q

Simultaneous pairing

A

The (cs) is presented and removed at the same time as the (US)

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14
Q

Extinction

A

The disappearance of a behaviour when it is not reinforced

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15
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

The reappearance of a response that had previously been extinct

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16
Q

What did Watson use as his theory

A

Behaviourism

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17
Q

Transfer

A

Also known as stimulus generalization

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18
Q

Negative transfer

A

The interference of previous learning to that of new learning

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19
Q

Who accounts for one-shot-learning

A

Gurthie

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20
Q

Who accounts for (MPs)

A

Gurthie

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21
Q

Is MPS contiguity or contingency

A

Contiguity

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22
Q

Counter-conditioning

A

A behaviour modification technique in which you try to condition a desirable response to replace the undesirable one

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23
Q

Who quoted that he would be able to make anything he wished out of a dozen healthy infants?

A

Watson

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24
Q

Descartes as a dualist

A

Believed that even though the mind and body are separate they are in a sense united in the brain

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25
Q

Changes in disposition are made by

A

Motivation

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26
Q

Pop psychology

A

Inaccurate interpretations that are popularized through media

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27
Q

Characteristics of a good theory:

A

Does it summarize and organize the information?
Is it clear and understandable?
Is it useful?
Is it internally consistent?
Is it satisfying and thought provoking?

28
Q

Steps in a scientific method:

A
  1. Ask the question
  2. Develop a hypothesis
  3. Collect relevant observations
  4. Test the hypothesis
  5. Reach and share a conclusion
29
Q

Experimental vs. Control group

A

Experimental: exposed to treatment
Control: not exposed to treatment

30
Q

Nominal fallacy

A

The assumption that naming something explains something (saying a child is mentally disabled and that’s why they can’t learn)

31
Q

Hawthorne effect

A

The behaviour of an individual might change if they know they are being watched

32
Q

Placebo effect

A

The beneficial effects of a treatment that has no actual beneficial effects

33
Q

Nocebo effect

A

A persons belief of negative consequences of a drug increase the likelihood of gloomy effects

34
Q

What type of andlyzation of behaviour was used within structuralism

A

Introspectionism

35
Q

Behaviourism

A

Associated with analyzing observable behaviour

36
Q

Cognitivism

A

A theory associated with cognition: learning, thinking, processing

37
Q

The law of exercise

A

Bonds between stimuli and responses are strengthened through being repeated

38
Q

Who admitted that they were wrong about the law of exercise

A

Thorndike

39
Q

Who created the principle of belongingness?

A

Thorndike

40
Q

Spread of effect (thorndike)

A

When a response is followed by a satisfying state, other related responses are affected

41
Q

Who were contiguity theorists?

A

Watson, Pavlov, gurthie

42
Q

Who were reinforcement theorists

A

Thorndike and B.F Skinner

43
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Describes behaviour change as a result of its consequences

44
Q

Type r

A

Operant conditioning

45
Q

Type S

A

Classical conditioning

46
Q

Are our most important behaviours operant or classical according to skinner

A

Operant

47
Q

Pavlovs harness

A

Classical conditioning (salivation manipulation)

48
Q

Discriminative stimulus

A

The features of a situation that on organism can discriminate to distinguish between occasions that might be reinforced or not

49
Q

Reinforce

A

An event that follows a response and that changes the probability of a response occurring

50
Q

Reinforcement

A

The effect of a reinforcer

51
Q

Negative reinforcer

A

An increase in the probability that a response will recur following the elimination of a consequence

52
Q

Avoidance learning (as a result from punishment)

A

Organism will try to avoid the situation

53
Q

Escape learning (as a result from punishment)

A

’ When the organism will try to escape the situation if it previously had a negative consequence

54
Q

Primary reinforces vs secondary

A

Primary: events that are reinforcing without any learning taking place
Secondary: events that become reinforcing after learning occurs

55
Q

Generalized reinforcer

A

A reinforcer that appears to reinforce a wide variety of behaviours

56
Q

Superstitious schedule of reinforcement

A

Reinforcement occurs at a fixed time interval no matter what the organism is doing (behaviour there or not)

57
Q

Progressive ratio schedule

A

The organism needs to increase their behaviour drastically to get a reinforcement

58
Q

Forgetting vs extinction
What is a slower process?

A

Forgetting

59
Q

A powerful reinforcement tools in humans

A

Money

60
Q

Hernstein’s matching law

A

In a choice situation, an organisms response is guided by the probability of reinforcement

61
Q

Shaping

A

Reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired behaviour

62
Q

What is MPs also sometimes called

A

Chaining

63
Q

Chaining

A

The inking of a sequence of responses

64
Q

Fading

A

Certain aspects of a stimulus gradually fade until they are not present

65
Q

Aversive control

A

The use of unpleasant contingencies

66
Q

What is corporal punishment?

A

Physical punishment

67
Q

Counter-conditioning

A

Undesirable responses are replaced with a more acceptable one

Psych 2GG3 Test 1 (10 decks)

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