Chapter 4

Question 1

T/F Local, state, and federal assistance to homeless people has shrunk in recent years.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

T/F A majority of people who are counted as homeless live on the streets or in cars, abandoned buildings, or other places not intended for human habitation.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

T/F Many homeless people have full-time employment.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

T/F Homelessness is affected by both income and the affordability of availablehousing.

Answer 4

True

Question 5

T/F Homeless people typically panhandle (beg for money) so that they can buy alcohol or drugs.

Answer 5

False

Question 6

T/F Shelters for the homeless consistently have clients who sleep on overflow cots, in chairs, in hallways, and in other nonstandard sleeping arrangements.

Answer 6

True

Question 7

T/F The United States has had homeless people throughout its history.

Answer 7

True

Question 8

T/F “Doubled-up” populations (people who live with friends, family, or other nonrelatives for economic reasons) have decreased in recent years.

Answer 8

False

Question 9

is the process by which people act toward or respond to other people and is the foundation for all relationships and groups in society.

Answer 9

Social interaction

Question 10

is the complex framework of societal institutions and the social practices that make up a society and that organize and establish limits on people’s behavior.

Answer 10

Social structure

Question 11

What perspective says The framework of social structure is an orderly and fixed arrangement of parts that together make up the whole group or society.

Answer 11

The Macrolevel Perspective

Question 12

What perspective says Functionalist theorists emphasize that social structure is essential because it creates order and predictability in a society.

Answer 12

The Macrolevel Perspective

Question 13

What perspective says Social structure is important for our human development.

Answer 13

The Macrolevel Perspective

Question 14

What perspective says Social structure gives us the ability to interpret the social situations we encounter.

Answer 14

The Macrolevel Perspective

Question 15

What perspective says According to Marx, in capitalistic societies, where a few people control the labor of many, the social structure reflects a system of relationships of domination among categories of people.

Answer 15

The Macrolevel Perspective

Question 16

What perspective says Social structure creates boundaries that define which persons or groups will be the “insiders” and which will be the “outsiders.”

Answer 16

The Macrolevel Perspective

Question 17

is a socially defined position in a group or society characterized by certain expectations, rights, and duties.

Answer 17

status

Question 18

comprises all the statuses that a person occupies at a given time.

Answer 18

status set

Question 19

is a social position conferred at birth or received involuntarily later in life, based on attributes over which the individual has little or no control.
* Examples: Race/ethnicity, age, and gender.

Answer 19

ascribed status

Question 20

is a social position that a person assumes voluntarily as a result of personal choice, merit, or direct effort.
* Examples: Occupation, education, and income.

Answer 20

achieved status

Question 21

is the most important status a person occupies.
* It dominates all the individual’s other statuses and plays a main role in determining a person’s general social position
* Being poor or rich is a master status that influences many other areas of life, including health, education, and life opportunities.

Answer 21

master status

Question 22

are material signs that inform others of a person’s specific status.

Answer 22

Status symbols

Question 23

is a set of behavioral expectations associated with a given status.

Answer 23

role

Question 24

is a group’s or society’s definition of the way that a specific role ought to be played.

Answer 24

Role expectation

Question 25

is how a person actually plays the role.

Answer 25

Role performance

Question 26

occurs when incompatible role demands are placed on a person by two or more statuses held at the same time.

Answer 26

Role conflict

Question 27

occurs when incompatible demands are built into a single status that a person occupies.

Answer 27

Role strain

Question 28

occurs when people disengage from social roles that have been central to their self-identity.

Answer 28

Role exit

Question 29

consists of two or more people who interact frequently and share a common identity and a feeling of interdependence.

Answer 29

social group

Question 30

is a small, less specialized group in which members engage in face-to-face, emotion-based interactions over an extended period of time.

Answer 30

primary group

Question 31

is a larger, more specialized group in which members engage in more impersonal, goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time.

Answer 31

secondary group

Question 32

is a highly structured group formed for the purpose of completing certain tasks or achieving specific goals.

Answer 32

formal organization

Question 33

is a set of organized beliefs and rules that establish how a society will attempt to meet its basic social needs.

Answer 33

social institution

Question 34

* What theorists suggest that social institutions perform essential functions for society: * Replacing members * Teaching new members * Producing, distributing, and consuming goods * Preserving order * Providing and maintaining a sense of purpose

Answer 34

Functionalist

Question 35

* What theorists agree that social institutions are originally organized to meet basic social needs. * However, they believe that social institutions do not meet everyone’s needs equally.

Answer 35

Conflict

Question 36

use simple technology for hunting animals and gathering vegetation.

Answer 36

Hunting and gathering societies

Question 37

are based on technology that supports the domestication of large animals to provide food. * Gender inequality is greater in these societies because men herd the large animals and women contribute relatively little to subsistence production.

Answer 37

Pastoral societies

Question 38

are based on technology that supports the cultivation of plants to provide food.

Answer 38

Horticultural societies

Question 39

use technology of large-scale farming, including animal-drawn or energy-powered plows and equipment, to produce their food supply.

Answer 39

Agrarian societies

Question 40

are based on technology that mechanizes production.

Answer 40

Industrial societies

Question 41

are ones in which technology supports a service- and information-based economy.

Answer 41

Postindustrial societies

Question 42

refers to how the various tasks of a society are divided up and performed.

Answer 42

Division of labor

Question 43

refers to the social cohesion of preindustrial societies, in which there is minimal division of labor and people feel united by shared values and common social bonds.

Answer 43

Mechanical solidarity

Question 44

refers to the social cohesion found in industrial societies, in which people perform very specialized tasks and feel united by their mutual dependence.

Answer 44

Organic solidarity

Question 45

is a traditional society in which social relationships are based on personal bonds of friendship and kinship and on intergenerational stability.

Answer 45

Gemeinschaft

Question 46

is a large, urban society in which social bonds are based on impersonal and specialized relationships, with little long-term commitment to the group or consensus on values

Answer 46

Gesellschaft

Question 47

is the process by which our perception of reality is largely shaped by the subjective meaning that we give to an experience.

Answer 47

social construction of reality

Question 48

is a false belief or prediction that produces behavior that makes the originally false belief come true.

Answer 48

self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 49

is the study of the commonsense knowledge that people use to understand the situations in which they find themselves.

Answer 49

Ethnomethodology

Question 50

analysis is the study of social interaction that compares everyday life to a theatrical presentation.

Answer 50

Dramaturgical

Question 51

is a playbook that the actors use to guide their verbal replies and overall performance to achieve the desired goals of the conversation or fulfill the role they are playing.

Answer 51

social script

Question 52

refers to people’s efforts to present themselves to others in ways that are most favor able to their own interests or image.

Answer 52

Impression management (presentation of self)

Question 53

refers to the strategies people use to rescue their performance when they experience a potential or actual loss of face.

Answer 53

Face-saving behavior

Question 54

suggests that humans acquire a set of feeling rules that shapes the appropriate emotions for a given role or specific situation. * These rules include how, where, when, and with whom an emotion should be expressed.

Answer 54

Sociologist Arlie Hochschild (1983)

Question 55

is the transfer of information between persons without the use of words.

Answer 55

Nonverbal communication