Chapter 6

Question 1

T/F The total number of reported violent crimes increases each year in the United States.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

T/F Aggravated assaults account for the highest number of violent crimes in the United States.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

T/F Firearms are used in more than half of all murders in the United States.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

T/F As the U.S. population grows, a continual increase in the rate of property crime is recorded in this country.

Answer 4

False

Question 5

T/F The West is the most violent region in the United States.

Answer 5

False

Question 6

T/F The presence of more guns tends to indicate a likelihood of more homicides.

Answer 6

True

Question 7

T/F States with the weakest gun-control laws experience higher rates of gun deaths.

Answer 7

True

Question 8

T/F Each year the rate of violent victimization reported to the police increases.

Answer 8

False

Question 9

is any behavior, belief, or condition that violates significant social norms in the society or group in which it occurs.

Answer 9

Deviance

Question 10

is a behavior that violates criminal law and is punishable with fines, jail terms, and/or other negative sanctions.

Answer 10

crime

Question 11

refers to a violation of law or the commission of a status offense by young people.

Answer 11

Juvenile delinquency

Question 12

refers to the systematic practices that social groups develop in order to encourage conformity to norms, rules, and laws and to discourage deviance.

Answer 12

Social control

Question 13

is the systematic study of crime and the criminal justice system, including the police, courts, and prisons.

Answer 13

Criminology

Question 14

argues that people feel strain when they are exposed to cultural goals that they are unable to obtain because they do not have access to culturally approved means of achieving those goals

Answer 14

Merton’s strain theory

Question 15

are circumstances that provide an opportunity for people to acquire through illegitimate activities what they cannot achieve through legitimate channels

Answer 15

Illegitimate opportunity structures

Question 16

states that people have a greater tendency to deviate from societal norms when they frequently associate with individuals who are more favorable toward deviance than conformity.

Answer 16

Differential association theory

Question 17

suggests that both deviant behavior and conventional behavior are learned through the same social processes.

Answer 17

Differential reinforcement theory

Question 18

states that deviant behavior occurs when a person weighs the costs and benefits of nonconventional or criminal behavior and determines that the benefits will outweigh the risks involved in such actions.

Answer 18

rational choice theory of deviance

Question 19

holds that the probability of deviant behavior increases when a person’s ties to society are weakened or broken.

Answer 19

Social bond theory

Question 20

states that deviance is a socially constructed process in which social control agencies designate certain people as deviants and they, in turn, come to accept the label placed upon them and begin to act accordingly.

Answer 20

Labeling theory

Question 21

refers to the initial act of rule breaking.

Answer 21

Primary deviance

Question 22

occurs when a person who has been labeled a deviant accepts that new identity and continues the deviant behavior.

Answer 22

Secondary deviance

Question 23

occurs when a person who has been labeled a deviant seeks to normalize the behavior by relabeling it as nondeviant.

Answer 23

Tertiary deviance

Question 24

consists of actions—murder, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault—involving force or the threat of force against others.

Answer 24

Violent crime

Question 25

includes burglary, motor-vehicle theft, larceny-theft, and arson.

Answer 25

Property crime

Question 26

are those that involve a willing exchange of illegal goods or services among adults.

Answer 26

Victimless crimes

Question 27

are illegal activities committed by people in the course of their employment or financial affairs.

Answer 27

Occupational (white collar) crimes

Question 28

are illegal acts committed by corporate employees on behalf of the corporation and with its support.

Answer 28

Corporate crimes

Question 29

consists of FBI-related scams such as nonpayment/nondelivery of merchandise, extortion, personal data breaches, phishing, confidence fraud, romance fraud, (s)extortion, identity theft, credit-card fraud, and fake tech-support fraud

Answer 29

Internet crime

Question 30

is a business operation that supplies illegal goods and services for profit.

Answer 30

Organized crime

Question 31

refer to illegal or unethical acts involving the usurpation of power by government officials or illegal/unethical acts perpetrated against the government by outsiders seeking to make a political statement, undermine the government, or overthrow it.

Answer 31

Political crimes

Question 32

is the calculated, unlawful use of physical force or threats of violence against persons or property in order to intimidate or coerce a government, organization, or individual for the purpose of gaining some political, religious, economic, or social objective.

Answer 32

Terrorism

Question 33

refers to the local, state, and federal agencies that enforce laws, adjudicate crimes, and treat and rehabilitate criminals

Answer 33

criminal justice system