Chapter 4

Question 1

consciousness

Answer 1

feelings, thoughts, and aroused states of which we are aware

Question 2

microsleep

Answer 2

a brief episode of sleep that occurs in the midst of a wakeful activity

Question 3

circadian rhythm

Answer 3

changes in bodily processes that occur repeatedly on approximately a 24- to 25-hour cycle

Question 4

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

Answer 4

a group of brain cells located in the hypothalamus that signal other brain areas when to be aroused and when to shut down

Question 5

melatonin

Answer 5

a hormone in the body that facilitates sleep

Question 6

non-REM sleep

Answer 6

the relaxing state of sleep in which the person’s eyes do not move

Question 7

REM sleep

Answer 7

the active state of sleep in which the person’s eyes move

Question 8

REM behavior disorder

Answer 8

a condition in which normal muscle paralysis does not occur, leading to violent movements during REM sleep

Question 9

REM rebound

Answer 9

the loss of REM sleep is recouped by spending more time in REM on subsequent nights

Question 10

manifest content

Answer 10

according to Freud, what the dreamer recalls on awakening

Question 11

latent content

Answer 11

according to Freud, the symbolic meaning of a dream

Question 12

continuity hypothesis

Answer 12

suggests that dreaming is a way of coping with daily problems and issues

Question 13

memory theory

Answer 13

suggests that dreams are a way to consolidate information and to get rid of trivial details in our memories

Question 14

threat simulation theory (TST)

Answer 14

suggests that dreaming is an ancient biological defense mechanism that allows us to repeatedly simulate potentially threatening situations so that we can rehearse our responses to these events

Question 15

activation-synthesis theory

Answer 15

suggests that dreams do not have symbolic meaning but are the by-product of the brain’s random firing of neural impulses during REM sleep

Question 16

sleep disorder

Answer 16

a disturbance in the normal pattern of sleeping

Question 17

insomnia

Answer 17

a sleep disorder in which a person cannot get to sleep and/or stay asleep

Question 18

narcolepsy

Answer 18

a rare sleep disorder in which a person falls asleep during alert times of the day

Question 19

sleep apnea

Answer 19

a sleep disorder in which a person stops breathing during sleep

Question 20

restless legs syndrome (RLS)

Answer 20

a neurological movement disorder occurring primarily at night in which a person has unpleasant sensations in the legs and an irresistible urge to move them to relieve the discomfort

Question 21

sleepwalking

Answer 21

a sleep disorder in which a person is mobile and may perform actions during non-REM slow-wave sleep

Question 22

night terrors

Answer 22

very frightening non-REM sleep episodes

Question 23

nightmares

Answer 23

brief scary REM dreams that are often remembered

Question 24

enuresis

Answer 24

a condition in which a person over the age of 5 shows an inability to control urination during sleep

Question 25

hypnosis

Answer 25

a state of relaxation and heightened suggestibility

Question 26

meditation

Answer 26

a practice whereby a person focuses their attention on a singular source such as a word, bodily sensation, or object for a period of time

Question 27

mindfulness meditations

Answer 27

a practice where a person intentionally focuses and pays attention to and experiences what is going on in the moment—their emotions, thoughts, and/or sensations—without judgment

Question 28

neo-dissociation theory

Answer 28

Hilgard’s proposal that hypnosis involves two simultaneous states: a hypnotic state and a hidden observer

Question 29

response set theory of hypnosis

Answer 29

asserts that hypnosis is not an altered state of consciousness, but a cognitive set to respond appropriately to suggestions

Question 30

psychoactive drugs

Answer 30

substances that influence the brain and thereby the individual’s behavior

Question 31

tolerance

Answer 31

a condition in which after repeated use, more of a drug is needed to achieve the same effect

Question 32

substance use disorder

Answer 32

a condition in which a person cannot control their drug use and continues to use a drug despite negative social, occupational, and health consequences, risky use, as well as evidence of tolerance or withdrawal

Question 33

withdrawal symptoms

Answer 33

physical or behavioral effects that occur after a person stops using a drug

Question 34

depressants

Answer 34

drugs that inhibit or slow down normal neural functioning

Question 35

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

Answer 35

a birth condition resulting from the mother’s chronic use of alcohol during pregnancy; characterized by facial and limb deformities and intellectual impairment

Question 36

opiates

Answer 36

painkilling drugs that depress some brain areas and excite others

Question 37

stimulants

Answer 37

drugs that speed up normal brain functioning

Question 38

hallucinogens

Answer 38

drugs that simultaneously excite and inhibit normal neural activity, thereby causing distortions in perception

Question 39

THC (tetrahydrocannabinol)

Answer 39

the active ingredient in marijuana that affects learning, short-term memory, coordination, emotion, and appetite