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Psychology > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

cognition

A

how we use and store information in the memory

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2
Q

learning

A

a relatively permanent change in behavior, or behavior potential, as a result of experience

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3
Q

memory

A

the storage, processing, or retrieval of information in the mind

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4
Q

language

A

a well-developed, syntactical verbal system for representing the world

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5
Q

intelligence

A

abilities that enable you to adapt to your environment and behave in a goal-directed way

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6
Q

orienting reflex

A

the tendency to orient your senses toward unexpected stimuli (ex. turning attention to the source of a loud crash)

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7
Q

habituation

A

the tendency to ignore repeated stimuli

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8
Q

unconditioned stimulus

A

a stimulus that NATURALLY elicits a response in an organism

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9
Q

unconditioned response

A

the response that is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus

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10
Q

neutral stimulus

A

a stimulus that does NOT naturally elicit the unconditioned response in an organism

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11
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

a stimulus that elicits a conditioned response in an organism

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12
Q

conditioned response

A

the response that is elicited by a conditioned stimulus

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13
Q

classical conditioning

A

learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus; because of this pairing, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus with the same power as the unconditioned stimulus to elicit the response in the organism

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14
Q

contiguity

A

the degree to which two stimuli occur close together in time

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15
Q

contingency

A

the degree to which the presentation of one stimulus reliably predicts the presentation of the other stimulus

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16
Q

stimulus generalization

A

responding in a like fashion to similar stimuli

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17
Q

stimulus discrimination

A

responding only to a particular stimulus

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18
Q

taste aversion

A

classical conditioning that occurs when an organism pairs the experience of nausea with a certain food, and becomes conditioned to feel ill at the site, smell, or idea of the food

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19
Q

biological preparedness

A

a genetic tendency to learn certain responses very easily

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20
Q

aversion therapy

A

a type of therapy that uses classical conditioning to condition people to avoid certain stimuli

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21
Q

extinction

A

the removal of a conditioned response

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22
Q

acquisition

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A

the process of learning a conditioned response or behavior

23
Q

spontaneous recovery

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A

during extinction, the tendency for a conditioned response to reappear and strengthen over a brief period of time before re-extinguishing

24
Q

counterconditioning

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A

removing a classically conditioned response by conditioning a new, incompatible response to the unconditioned stimulus

25
operant conditioning
a type of learning in which the organism learns through the consequences of its behavior
26
law of effect
behaviors that lead to positive consequences will be strengthened and behaviors that lead to negative consequences will be weakened
27
reinforcement
the strengthening of a response that occurs when the response leads to a pleasant consequence
28
positive reinforcement
strengthening a behavior by ADDING something pleasant to the environment of the organism
29
negative reinforcement
strengthening a behavior by REMOVING something unpleasant from the environment of the organism
30
punishment
the weakening of a response that occurs when a behavior leads to an unpleasant consequence
31
positive punishment
weakening a behavior by adding something unpleasant to the organisms environment (ex. enforcing chores)
32
negative punishment
weakening a behavior by removing something pleasant from the organisms environment (ex. taking away xbox controller)
33
34
extinction burst
a temporary increase in the behavioral response that occurs immediately after extinction has begun
35
schedule of reinforcement
the frequency and timing of the reinforcements that an organism receives
36
continuous reinforcement
the schedule reinforcement in which the organism is reinforced for every instance of the desired response
37
partial reinforcement
a schedule of reinforcement in which the organism is reinforced for only some of the instances of the desired response
38
fixed ratio schedule
a schedule of reinforcement in which the organism is reinforced for every *x*th instance of the desired response
39
variable ratio schedule
a schedule of reinforcement in which the organism is reinforced on average for every xth instance of the desired response
40
fixed interval schedule
a schedule of reinforcement in which the organism is reinforced for the first desired response in an *x*th interval of time
41
variable interval schedule
a schedule of reinforcement in which the organism is reinforced for the first desired response in an average *x*th interval of time
42
shaping
using operant conditioning to build a new behavior in an organism by reinforcing successive approximation of the desired response
43
instinctive drift
the tendency for an animal who has been conditioned to perform a certain behavior to abandon this learned behavior response in favor to a more instinctive response
44
behavior modification
using the principles of learning to modify problematic behaviors
45
primary reinforcer
a reinforcer that is reinforcing in and of itself (ex. food, water, a warm bed, and sexual pleasure)
46
secondary reinforcer
a reinforcer that is reinforcing only because it leads to a primary reinforcer (ex. money is reinforcing because of what you can buy with it)
47
token economy
system of operant conditioning in which participants are reinforced with tokens that can be cashed in for primary reinforcers (ex. gold star)
48
delay of gratification
learning to forego immediate reinforcement in favor of waiting for a later, sometimes larger reinforcement
49
behaviorism
a school of thought in psychology that emphasizes the study of observable behavior over the study of the mind
50
insight
a sudden realization about how to solve a problem that occurs after an organism has studied the problem for a period of time
51
latent learning
learning that cannot be directly observed in an organisms behavior
52
cognitive map
a mental representation of the environment that is formed through observation of one’s environment
53
observational learning
learning through observation and imitation of others behaviors

Psychology (8 decks)

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