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Psychology > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

motive

A

a tendency to desire and seek out positive incentives or rewards and to avoid negative outcomes

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2
Q

instincts

A

innate impulses from within a person that direct or motivate behavior

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3
Q

drive reduction theories

A

theories of motivation that propose that people seek to reduce internal levels of drive

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4
Q

drive

A

an uncomfortable internal state that motivates us to reduce this discomfort through our behavior

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5
Q

primary drives

A

drives that motivate us to maintain homeostasis in certain biological processes in the body

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6
Q

homeostasis

A

an internal state of equilibrium in the body

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7
Q

negative feedback loop

A

a system of feedback in the body that monitors and adjusts our motivation level to maintain homeostasis

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8
Q

secondary drives

A

learned drives that are not directly related to biological needs

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9
Q

self-determination theory

A

a theory of motivation that proposes that as we pursue the fulfillment of basic needs, we experience different types of motivation that come from both the self and the outside world

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10
Q

incentives

A

goals or desires that we are motivated to fulfilll

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11
Q

intrinsic motivation

A

motivation that comes from within the person

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12
Q

extrinsic motivation

A

motivation that comes from outside the person

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13
Q

hierarchy of needs

A

Maslow’s theory that humans are motivated by different needs, some of which take precedence over others

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14
Q

set point

A

a particular weight that our body seeks to maintain

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15
Q

ghrelin

A

a hunger-stimulating hormone produced by the stomach

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16
Q

glucose

A

the form of sugar that the body burns as fuel

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17
Q

glycogen

A

a starchy molecule that is produced from excess glucose in the body; it can be thought of as the body’s stored energy reserves

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18
Q

insulin

A

a hormone produced by the pancreas that facilitates the movement of glucose from the blood into the cells of the body

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19
Q

cholecystokinin (CCK)

A

a hormone released by the small intestines that plays a role in hunger regulation

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20
Q

leptin

A

a hormone released by fat cells in the body that plays a role in hunger regulation

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21
Q

lateral hypothalamus (LH)

A

a region of the hypothalamus once thought to be the hunger center in the brain

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22
Q

neuropeptide Y

A

a powerful hunger stimulant

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23
Q

ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)

A

a region of the hypothalamus that plays an indirect role in creating a feeling of satiety

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24
Q

overweight

Study These Flashcards
A

having a body mass index of 25–29.9

25
obesity
having a body mass index of 30 or over
26
resting metabolic rate
the rate at which we burn energy in our bodies when resting
27
bulimia nervosa
an eating disorder in which a person alternately binges on large quantities of food and then engages in some inappropriate compensatory behavior to avoid weight gain
28
anorexia nervosa
an eating disorder in which a person has an intense fear of gaining weight, even though they are actually underweight; this irrational fear motivates the person to lose unhealthy amounts of weight through self-starvation
29
binge eating disorder (BED)
an eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating, as in bulimia nervosa, but without regular use of compensatory measures to avoid weight gain
30
sexual desire
one’s motivation and interest in engaging in sexual activity
31
sexual arousal
a heightened state of sexual interest and excitement
32
libido
one’s physical desire, or drive, to have sex
33
estrogens
a class of female hormones that regulate many aspects of sexuality
34
estrus
in most mammals, a period of “being in heat” in which the female is receptive to males’ attempts to mate with her
35
ovaries
the organs in a female’s body that produce eggs, or ova
36
testosterone
a male hormone that plays a role in many aspects of sexuality, including sexual desire
37
testes
the organs in a male’s body that produce both sperm and testosterone
38
erogenous
zones areas of the skin that are sensitive to touch
39
excitement phase
the first stage of the sexual response cycle, in which males get erections and females produce vaginal lubrication
40
plateau phase
the second stage of the sexual response cycle, in which excitement peaks
41
orgasm phase
the third stage of the sexual response cycle, in which the pelvic and anal muscles contract
42
resolution phase
the final stage of the sexual response cycle, in which the body returns to homeostasis
43
refractory period
a time during the resolution phase in which males are incapable of experiencing another orgasm or ejaculation
44
sexual orientation
one’s sexual attraction for members of the same and/or other sex
45
heterosexuals
people who are sexually attracted primarily to members of the other sex
46
bisexuals
people who are sexually attracted to members of both sexes
47
homosexuals
people who are sexually attracted primarily to members of the same sex
48
homophobia
prejudicial attitudes against homosexuals and homosexuality
49
emotion
a complex reaction to some internal or external event that involves physiological reactions, behavioral reactions, facial expressions, cognition, and affective responses
50
affective component of emotion
the subjective experience of what you are feeling during the emotion
51
James-lange theory
a theory of emotion that defines an emotion as a unique pattern of physiological arousal
52
Cannon-bard theory
a theory of emotion that states that emotions originate in the brain, not the body
53
facial feedback hypothesis
a theory that states that our emotional state is affected by the feedback our brain gets from facial muscles
54
two-factor theory of emotion
a theory that states that emotions result when we cognitively interpret our physiological reactions in light of the situation
55
cognitive-mediational theory
a theory of emotion that states that our cognitive interpretation of a situation determines what emotion we will feel in the situation
56
mere exposure effect
the idea that the more one is exposed to something, the more one grows to like it
57
basic emotions
a proposed set of innate emotions that are common to all humans and from which other higher-order emotions may derive
58
display rules
cultural rules governing when it is and isn’t appropriate to display certain emotions

Psychology (8 decks)

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